Narabayashi Chinzan

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Narabayashi Chinzan in old age (from a contemporary hanging scroll)
Illustration of a trepanation in the " Pictorial Dictionary of Surgery" ( Geka kinmōzu'i , 1767), taken from Narabayashi's Kōi Geka sōden by Irako Mitsuaki

Narabayashi Chinzan ( Japanese 楢 林 鎮 山 ; born January 26, 1649 in Nagasaki, Hizen Province ; † May 16, 1711 there) was a Japanese interpreter and doctor of the Edo period who played an influential role in the early dissemination of Western medicine in Japan played as well as informants of Western Japan researchers such as Andreas Cleyer and Engelbert Kaempfer . He is considered to be one of the outstanding representatives of the so-called “Nagasaki-Holland customer” ( Nagasaki Rangaku 長崎 蘭 学 ).

Life

In 1641 the Dutch East India Company (VOC) moved its headquarters from Hirado to the artificial island of Dejima in Nagasaki Bay on the orders of the Tokugawa government (Bakufu) . From now on, the Europeans working there were under the control of the Nagasaki governor appointed by the government , and language mediation was reserved for a small group of "Holland interpreters" (Oranda-tsūji) . Unless extraordinary events led to the termination of the employment relationship, this position remained with the interpreter family concerned until the 19th century. Some of them used their privileged position in the European-Japanese exchange and made a name for themselves as specialists in medicine and other areas of Western knowledge through excerpts, writings and the training of students.

Narabayashi Chinzan was born in Nagasaki in 1649 . In the course of his life he changed his nickname several times (Hikoshirō, Shingobei, Shin'emon). As a scholar, he became known as Chinzan. In old age he shaved his hair and took the monk name Eikyū. Like all sons of the interpreters, he had access to the trading post of the "redheads" (kōmōjin) since childhood in order to acquire the language skills necessary for his later work. In 1666 he passed the examination for "small interpreter" (ko-tsūji) , twenty years later he was promoted to "great interpreter" (ō-tsuji) . Up to 1698 he had eight times as "annual interpreter" (nenban-tsūji) overall responsibility for the smooth communication of the language and for all interpreters working in the branch. In addition, he took part nine times as an "Edo interpreter" (Edoban-tsūji) on the trip of the representative of the East India Company to Edo (today Tokyo ), where he thanked the company once a year at the court of the Shogun for permission to trade had to pay in Japan.

From a young age, Narabayashi participated in the instruction on medicine given by European surgeons to Japanese feudal doctors. The final reports signed by the interpreters about therapy instructions, the properties of remedies, disease symptoms and medical instruments also show his name. Personal copies of such texts were guarded in his family for many generations. Over the decades he met, among others, the Wroclaw surgeon Hans Juriaen Hancke, the German pharmacists Gottfried Haeck and Franz Braun, the Dutch surgeons Daniel Busch and Willem Hoffman, the doctors Dr. Willem ten Rhijne and Engelbert Kaempfer , the German gardener George Meister and the German doctor and businessman Andreas Cleyer . Kaempfer owes a lot of information to Narabayashi, among other things on the (actually secret) religious practices of the mountain ascetics Yamabushi .

Narabayashi ran a small private school for Western medicine. Thanks to his close relationships with the medical staff at the Dejima Commercial Branch, privileged access to Western books and good language skills, he created materials that were copied and distributed by some of his students. His best-known font Kōi-geka sōden (' 紅 夷 外科 宗 伝 ) particularly uses the "Armamentarium Chirurgicum" by Johann Schultes (Scultetus) and the "Chirurgie" by Ambroise Paré . Here you can find plaster and ointment recipes, methods for treating all kinds of wounds, dislocations, bruises, the production of healing oils, images of instruments, wound dressings, distillation devices and the like. a. m. Some of this was later incorporated into the " Pictorial Dictionary of Surgery" ( Geka kinmōzui , 外科 訓 蒙 図 彙 ) published by Irako Mitsuaki / Kōgen ( 伊 良 子 光 顕 ) in 1769 . Narabayashi had probably planned the publication of his manuscript, because the foreword was written by the eminent Neo-Confucian and naturalist Kaibara Ekiken , with whom he apparently had close relations. However, there was no more pressure. Nevertheless, the handwritten copies of the script circulated among the country's doctors - partly with, partly without illustrations, partly in booklet form, the images also in the form of scrolls.

In November 1697, the factory manager Pieter de Vos began his year of service at the Dejima trading post. Frictions and conflicts soon arose. The experienced Narabayashi, now almost 50 years old, tried to compensate and calm the situation. But in doing so he aroused the suspicion of conspiracy in the Nagasaki governor. Initially placed under house arrest, he was dismissed from service by the new governor in January 1699.

Narabayashi Chinzan's reputation as a connoisseur of Western medicine spread to the distant court of the Shogun . When the government wanted to call him to Edo in 1708, he refrained from doing so, citing his reason for dismissal.

His descendants also played an important role in conveying Western medicine to Japan until the end of the Edo period .

Fonts

literature

  • Fujikawa, Yū: Narabayashi kakeifu . In: Chūgai Iji Shinpō 1217 (1935), pp. 35–40 ( 富 士川 遊 「楢 林 家 系譜」 『中外 医 事 新 報』 )
  • Kambara, Hiroshi: Nihon he no Pare Geka-zenshū kotsukansetsu sonshō chiryō ni tsuite no saikentō . In: Anburoazu Pare botsugo 400nen-sai kinenkai (ed.), Nihon kindaigeka no genryū. Tokyo: Medical Core, 1992, pp. 51–98 ( ア ン ブ ロ ア ズ ・ パ レ 没 後 400 年 祭 記念 会 編: 日本 近代 外科 の 源流. メ デ ィ カ ル ・ コ ア )
  • Kambara, Hiroshi: Kōi-geka sōden zuhan seiritsu he no Sukurutetasu no gekasho Armamentarium chirurgicum no eikyō . Nihon Ishigaku Zasshi, 38 (2), 1992, pp. 299–301 ( 蒲 原 宏: 「紅 夷 外科 宗 伝」 図 版 成立 へ の ス ク ル テ テ タ ス の 外科 書 Armamentarium chirurgicum の 影響。 『誌 誌 医 史学 )
  • Koga, Jūjirō: Nagasaki Yōgaku . Nagasaki: Nagasaki Bunkensha, 1973, Vol. 2, pp. 209–215 ( 古 賀 十二 郎 『長崎 洋 学 史』 長崎 文献 社 )
  • Michel, W. / Terwiel, B. (Ed.): Engelbert Kaempfer, Today's Japan . Munich: Iudicium Verlag, 2001 ISBN 3-89129-931-1
  • Michel, Wolfgang: Geka'i ni natta tsūji Narabayashi Shin'emon . In: In: W. Michel, Y. Torii, M. Kawashima (eds.): Kyūshū no rangaku - ekkyō to kōryū . Kyōto: Shibunkaku Shuppan, 2009, pp. 34–40 ( W ・ ミ ヒ ェ ル: 外科 医 に な っ た 通 詞 楢 林 新 右衛門 右衛門 (鎮 山)。 ヴ ヴ ・ フ フ ガ ン グ グ ェ と ル 蘭 井 井 ェ と ル 眞 鳥 井 ェ と ル ル 蘭 井 井 ェ と ル 眞 蘭 井 ェ と ル ル 蘭 鳥 井 ェ と ル 越境 蘭 井 井 と ル ル 蘭 鳥 井 ェ と ル 眞 鳥 井 ェ と ル ル 蘭 井 井 ェ ル ル 眞 鳥 井 ェ と ル 眞 蘭 井 井 と ル ル 蘭 鳥 井 ェ と ル 越境 蘭 井 と ル ル 蘭 鳥 井 ェ ル交流 』思 文 閣 出版. ISBN 978-4-7842-1410-5 )

Web links

Notes and individual references

  1. See Scultetus: Armamentarium Chirurgicum , Fig. 32
  2. Japanese calendar : 2nd year Keian, 12th month, 14th day
  3. Japanese calendar : 8th year Hōei, 3rd month, 29th day
  4. also called tsūji-rangaku (Interpreter-Dutch Studies )
  5. The Japanese interpreters were paid by the Dutch, but they were subordinate to the Nagasaki governor, who could appoint or dismiss them. They had to undertake by oath to comply with regulations regarding the disclosure of objects and information or to report any suspicious activity by Europeans.
  6. Koga (1973), pp. 209f .; Michel (2009)
  7. Michel / Terwiel (2001), Vol. 1/2, pp. 84-86
  8. Kambara (1990), pp. 51-98; Kambara (1992)
  9. Michel (2009)
  10. Michel (2009); Dagregister Dejima (Nederlandse Factorij Japan, No. 111, 112)
  11. Koga (1973), pp. 209f .; Michel (2009)