Johannes Scultetus (medic, 1595)

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Surgical instruments in the "Armamentarium-Chirurgicum"

Johannes Scultetus , actually Johann Schultes or Schultheiß (* October 12, 1595 in Ulm ; † December 1, 1645 in Stuttgart ), was a German doctor , city ​​doctor in Ulm, anatomist and surgeon and author of a book on surgery and its instruments with the Title "Armamentarium Chirurgicum" .

Life

Scultetus was born in the evangelical imperial city of Ulm as the child of shipmaster Michael Schultes (Schultheiß) and his wife Margarete Schabenseckel. His parents made it possible for him to attend the Ulm Latin School (grammar school since 1613), but in 1608 his father died, shortly afterwards his mother. The young Schultes got by first with odd jobs as a bricklayer's assistant in Ulm, later downstream in Regensburg and Vienna as a helper in restaurants.

In Vienna he met the renowned Dutch anatomist and surgeon Adriaan van den Spieghel , who took the educated young man with him to Padua , where he succeeded Julius Casserius as Professor of Anatomy and Surgery on December 22, 1616. The University of Padua has been one of the leading educational institutions for medicine since the 15th century. In 1595 a Theatrum Anatomicum ("Anatomical Theater") was set up for training and research purposes. Here he worked for Spieghel from 1616 to 1623 as a prosector and studied medicine and surgery on the side. During this time, the anatomist Girolamo Fabrizio (alias Hieronymus Fabricius from Acquapendente) exerted a strong influence on him. In 1619 he was officially registered in the register, on August 19, 1623 he received his doctorate in philosophy, medicine and surgery. From now on he used the Latinized form of his name.

In 1624 Scultetus practiced as a surgeon in Venice . From 1625 until his death he worked as a city ​​physician in Ulm. In addition to the surgical care, his tasks included examining and monitoring midwives and bathers , visiting the pharmacies and looking after the hospital and the foundling house. He was also responsible for the post- mortem examination and, if necessary, the autopsy of the deceased. Despite his simple origins, he was able to secure a decent place in Ulm society. In 1628 he bought a house on Frauenstrasse and a garden on Blau . In 1636 he married Maria Villinger, 20 years his junior, daughter of the Mohren pharmacist. The children from this marriage died early. Scultetus took care of the son of his brother Martin, who died in 1635 and who was baptized Johannes, and enabled him to study medicine in Strasbourg and Padua. As Johannes Scultetus the Younger († 1663) he was ducal Württemberg medicus and finally in 1653 city physician in Ulm.

Scultetus died in Stuttgart, where he was supposed to treat a high-ranking patient. The title of the funeral sermon printed by Balthasar Kühne in Ulm suggests an easy death.

He left his name mainly with his book Armamentarium Chirurgicum , which he wrote shortly before his death. In addition to 300 recipes for drug therapy and instructions for a balanced lifestyle in the event of illness, the work offers a description of contemporary surgical instruments and their use. The numerous excellent illustrations also show some of the instruments invented by Scultetus, which were supposed to enable rapid and precise surgery. This was the first textbook on surgery that presented the common surgical procedures and instruments in encyclopaedic form in words and pictures and gave Scultetus the reputation of an important surgeon of his century. The "Scultetus bandage" (English Scultetus binder, Scultetus bandage) and the "Scultetus splint" go back to him.

The work was posthumously completed by the above-mentioned nephew Johannes and printed in Ulm in 1655. The 43 plates in this edition are by the Ulm city painter Jonas Arnold the Elder. J. Numerous other Latin editions followed. A Dutch translation appeared as early as 1657, the first French version as L'arcenal de chirurgerie in 1672 and an English edition two years later ( The Chyrurgeons store-house ). The first German translation, with which the nephew had already begun, was made after his premature death by Amadeus Megerlin (1625–1698), a doctor in Heidenheim and Nürtingen and personal physician to the Counts of Oettingen, and made in 1666 with 56 illustrations under the title Wundarzneyisches Zeughaus published. These common language translations made the work accessible to guild surgeons and surgeons, who usually could not read Latin texts. In 1692, a considerably expanded edition was published in the Netherlands by Jan Baptist van Lamzweerde (1657–1700) and Pieter Adriaanszoon Verduyn (* around 1625, † 1700). The appendix written by Lamzweerde in particular is considered an important enrichment: soon after the Dutch translation was published, surgeons who were in the service of the Dutch East India Company brought the work to the Dejima trading post in Japan. Here it was u. a. used to educate local doctors, and so many of the illustrations found their way into early Japanese manuscripts of Western medicine.

Scultetus Society

In 1975 the Scultetus Gesellschaft eV, Ulm, was founded in his honor , which since then has been offering public medical lectures annually, especially for non-medical professionals. In addition, in 2004 she first awarded the Scultetus Prize to Dominik Groß for his contribution to the history and ethics of psychosurgery . The science award was donated by the Ulm company Ratiopharm and is endowed with 3000 euros. Outstanding achievements in medical history research or innovations in operative medical technology are recognized.

Works

  • Cheiroplothēkē, Seu D. Joannis Sculteti, Physici & Chirurgi apud Ulmenses olim felicissimi, Armamentarium Chirurgicum XLIII. Tabulis Aeri Elegantissime Incisis, nec ante hac visis, exornatum. Kühnen, Ulm 1655 ( digitized version ). Another edition ( Armamentarium chirurgicum Joh. Sculteti ): Den Haag 1657.
  • German translation:
    • Wund-Artzneyisches Stuff house. Divided into two parts. With three perfect registers of all memorable things / which is outside of Latin / by the authoris brother's son / Mr. Johann Schultes… improved - and increased in many places / also with 56. new… copper pieces decorated copy, into which the German language has translated / Your high - Princely Passage to Württemberg ... Physicus D. Amadeus Megerlin. Gerlin, Frankfurt am Main 1666 ( digitized version ).

literature

  • Albrecht Weyermann : News from scholars, artists and other strange people from Ulm . Wagner, Ulm 1798, p. 475 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Ernst GurltScultetus, Johannes . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 33, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1891, p. 499.
  • Fritz Anton Suter: About the association of Johannes Scultetus. In: Swiss monthly for medicine, surgery, dentistry, veterinary science, pharmacy, hygiene, chemistry and their border areas. Vol. 1, H. 5/6, 1904.
  • Anneliese Seiz: Johannes Scultetus and his work. Biography and Glossary. Supplement to the reprint of the Wund-Artzneyisches Zeug-Hauß by the Merckle company. Kohlhammer in commission, Stuttgart 1974.
  • Kambara Hiroshi: Nihon kindai-igaku no genryū. Tōkyō 1992, pp. 51-82.
  • Marianne Kaatz: The city physician. Aegis, Laupheim 1992, ISBN 3-87005-039-X .
  • Wolfgang Michel : Narabayashi Chinzan. In: Wolfgang Michel, Torii Yumiko, Kawashima Mabito: Kyūshū no rangaku - ekkyō to kōryū. Shibunkaku Shuppan, Kyōto 2009, pp. 34-40.
  • Werner E. GerabekScultetus, Johannes. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 24, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-428-11205-0 , p. 101 ( digitized version ).

Web links

References and comments

  1. Euthanasia, or Blessed Death Art, Christian LeichPredigt, bey Volckreicher respectable corpse burial, Deß [...] Mr. Johannis Sculteti, or Schultes, the Philosophiae, Medicinae and Chirurgiae Doctoris, and the [...] city of Ulm wanted Physici & Medici ordinarij , Which Monday, December 1st. On. 1645 [...] fell asleep . Ulm: Kühne, 1646 (State and City Library Augsburg; 32 pages).
  2. Appendix, Variorum tam veterum, quam recenter inventorum Instrumentorum ad armamentarium chirurgicum Johannes Schulteti, Una cum quatuor & centum Observationibus Chirurgicis, Ab expertis hujus saeculi Practicis annotatis, & collectis . Apud Cornelium Boutesteyn, 1692
  3. One of the famous examples of this is the "surgery of the redhead barbarians" (Kōi geka sōden), which the medically committed interpreter Narabayashi Chinzan (1648–1711) wrote in 1706.