Girolamo Fabrizio

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Girolamo Fabrizi (o) (da Acquapendente) , also (Girolamo) Fabrici d'Acquapendente , (* 1533 or 1537 in Acquapendente near Orvieto ; † May 21, 1619 in Padua ) was an Italian anatomist and surgeon and the founder of embryology . The Latinized form of his name, under which his works can be found, is Hieronymus Fabricius from Aquapendente .

Girolamo Fabrizi d'Aquapendente

Life

Anatomical theater in Padua

Fabrizio was born in Acquapendente, Lazio . His talent enabled him to study medicine at the University of Padua . His most important teacher was the anatomist Gabriele Falloppio . Following his doctorate in medicine and philosophy in 1559, he practiced in Padua, where he worked as a private teacher of anatomy from 1562 to 1565. In 1565 he was appointed to the chair of surgery and anatomy, which he held until 1613, as the successor to the late Falloppio. His new teaching method of holding the sections in a specially built theater in 1597 brought students from all over Europe to the university. The anatomical theater is still standing today.

Scientific achievement

Human fetus with amnion (top right), umbilical cord around shoulder (center) or neck (bottom ) and placenta (top right and bottom left). Plate 5 in Fabrizio's work De formato foetu (1600)
Operationes chirurgicae , 1685. An invention associated with Fabrizio of a jointed manikin to demonstrate the bone structure

To this day, Fabrizio's importance lies in the establishment of embryology with his richly illustrated work De formato foetu , in which embryos from different animal species are compared with one another. His studies on the chicken embryo are particularly thorough . The Bursa Fabricii ( Bursa cloacalis ) of the birds is named after him, from which the B-lymphocytes of humans owe their name. In his posthumously published work De formatione Ovi et Pulli , Fabrizio describes the formation of the egg and the embryo in the chicken egg, analyzing the stages of growth of the chicken embryo in detail and providing numerous detailed illustrations. Fabrizio is here, as in De formato fetus growth in the tradition of Aristotle and Galen . He contributed significantly to the fact that embryonic development in humans and animals is seen as a process of embryogenesis in which the embryo develops from the egg cell gradually in order to retain its internal and external form and function. This view, which was derived from antiquity, came very close to today's concept, but later stood in controversial contrast to the preformation theory that became popular in the following century , which dominated until the beginning of the 19th century and according to which the embryo already appeared as a miniature homunculus during fertilization the sperm or the egg is already given and only grow in size.

After preliminary work by Andreas Vesalius , Amatus Lusitanus (1511–1568) and Franciscus Sylvius , Fabrizio was the first to provide an exact description and lifelike representation of the venous valves (in: De Venarum Ostiolis ) that Charles Estienne (1504–1564) described before him had made. In addition, there are works by him on the lungs and breathing, muscles and joints, the sensory organs, the skin, the stomach and the intestines. Fabrizio also detailed tooth extraction methods as well as dental instruments and mentioned filling holes in teeth with gold.

Fabrizio also made contributions to surgery. Although he had never performed a tracheotomy (windpipe incision) himself, his writings contain a surgical technique for this. He preferred a vertical incision and was the first to introduce the idea of ​​a tracheostomy tube. This is a straight, short cannula with wings to keep the tube from disappearing into the trachea. He recommended the operation only as an emergency solution, to be used in the case of shortness of breath due to foreign bodies or secretions. Fabrizio's description of the tracheostomy procedure is comparable to the techniques used today.

His best-known student was William Harvey , who was the first European doctor to describe the blood circulation and who developed Fabrizio's idea of ​​embryogenesis.

Works

  • Pentateuchos chirurgicum (1592).
  • De Visione, Voce, Auditu . Venice, Belzetta (1600).
  • De Venarum Ostiolis (1603).
  • De brutorum loquela (1603).
  • De locutione et ejus instrumentis tractatus (1603).
  • De formato foetu (1604).
  • Tractatus anatomicus triplex quorum primus de oculo, visus organo. Secundus de aure, auditus organo. Tertius de laringe, vociis organo admirandam tradit historiam, actiones, utilitates magno labore ac studio (1613).
  • De musculi artificio: de ossium articolationibus (1614).
  • De respiratione et eius instrumentis, libri duo (1615).
  • De tumoribus (1615).
  • De gula, ventriculo, intestinis tractatus (1618).
  • De motu locali animalium secundum totum, nempe de gressu in genere (1618).
  • De totius animalis integumentis (1618).
  • De formatione Ovi et Pulli (posthumously 1621, but before De formato foetu ).
  • Opera chirurgica. Quorum pars prior pentatheucum chirurgicum, posterior operationes chirurgicas continet ... Accesserunt Instrumentorum, quae partim autori, partim alii recens invenere, accurata delineatio. Item, De abusu cucurbitularum in febribus putridis dissertatio, e Musaeo ejusdem (posthumously 1623).
  • Tractatus De respiratione & eius instrumentis. Ventriculo intestinis, & gula. Motu locali animalium, secundum totum. Musculi artificio, & ossium dearticulationibus (posthumously 1625).

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The year of birth results from the death certificate and a now lost memorial plaque in the church of San Francesco in his place of birth, indicating the age as 86, and from a letter from Marcantonio Pellegrini
  2. ^ A b c Wolfgang U. Eckart, Christoph Gradmann (ed.): Doctors Lexicon: From antiquity to the present . 3. Edition. Springer Medizin Verlag, Heidelberg 2006, ISBN 978-3-540-29584-6 , p. 2 .
  3. ^ Hilary Gilson: De Formato Foetu , in: The Embryo Project Encyclopedia (c. 1600), by Girolamo Fabrici
  4. ↑ Ullrich Rainer Otte: Jakob Calmann Linderer (1771-1840). A pioneer in scientific dentistry. Medical dissertation, Würzburg 2002, p. 18
  5. ^ Hilary Gilson: De Formatione Ovi et Pulli (1621), by Girolamo Fabrici, in: The Embryo Project Encyclopedia
personal data
SURNAME Fabrizio, Girolamo
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Fabrizi d'Acquapendente, Girolamo; Fabricius from Aquapendente, Hieronymus
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Anatomist and founder of modern embryology
DATE OF BIRTH around 1533
PLACE OF BIRTH Acquapendente , Italy
DATE OF DEATH May 21, 1619
Place of death Padua , Italy