Overbode

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The Over Bode was in the Northelbian districts Dithmarschen , Holstein and Stormarn a regional military leader. From the 12th century it was also temporarily a political office. In addition, the Overbode had judicial powers.

The origins of the office are unknown. While research in the 19th century suspected that it could have developed from the old Saxon Gauvorsteher, today it is predominantly assumed that the office first emerged under the Billungers in the 10th or 11th century. They had north of the Elbe , the line-up right on the able-bodied men. The Overbode would therefore have been the local representative of the Billunger. The office is mentioned for the first time in the list of witnesses in a document from Archbishop Hartwig I of Bremen from 1162 as houerbodo . In Latin sources of the Over Bode is already around 1148 as vexillifer called, so as the standard-bearer . Other names in Latin are prefectus , signifer provincie , iudex and senior terrae . Overall, the office is an older institution that had developed before the rule of the Schauenburg counts . In its Gau, the Overbode had the right to stand up to protect the Gau border in the event of a threat. A political leadership role within the Gau was apparently not assigned to him at first. That only changed with the appointment of the alien Schauenburgers as counts. Now the office of Overboden changed to the representative of the established population towards the count. In the course of the introduction of the feudal system by the Schauenburgers, the chronicler Helmold von Bosau saw Overboden as a second place after the count.

The three Gaue Dithmarschen, Holstein and Stormarn settled by the Saxons were still divided into Gauviertel. At the head of the district stood the Overbode as military leader and chief judge. In the Thing - a people's and judicial assembly - the Overbode held the judicial position. In every Gauviertel there was soil that took responsibility for military security. The floor was coordinate at the level of a country Gauviertels judge. These three offices - Overbode, Bode and regional judge - could be inherited from their owners. A historical source for the administrative structure of a district is a document that Heinrich the Lion had issued on September 13, 1148 in Heinkenborstel near Innien (since 1970 in Aukrug ). The witness of the certification was the state judge Vergotus, son of Daso de Ennige (Innien).

Especially the over bottom of Holstengaus that of the family of Ammoniden came, presented for the first employed as land strangers counts of Holstein and Stormarn a strong threat. We know the names the over ground are Marcrad I. (occupied from 1127 to 1170) and Marcrad II. (documented 1170–1181 / 1182), whose property was in the German-Slavic border area around Neumünster .

In the course of the following centuries the importance of the office declined. In the late Middle Ages , the function of the Overboden was finally limited to the management of the Gaugericht.

literature

  • Lemmata Overbode: Gau u. Gauviertel. In: Klaus-Joachim Lorenzen-Schmidt , Ortwin Pelc (Ed.): Schleswig-Holstein Lexikon. 2nd edition, Wachholtz, Neumünster 2006.
  • Günther Bock: The Stormarn Overboden and the beginning of the medieval east settlement . In: Journal of the Society for Schleswig-Holstein History 127 (2002), pp. 35–74

Web links

Remarks

  1. ^ Wolfgang Laur: Goding and Gogericht in Holstein and Lower Saxony. in: Journal of the Savigny Foundation for Legal History: German Department, Vol. 111. 1994, pp. 536–549, here p. 539 f.
  2. ^ Mecklenburgisches Urkundenbuch Vol. I, Certificate No. 75.
  3. ↑ Wolfgang Dose: The Dasoniden. Holstein in the High Middle Ages . Berlin 1999/2007, p. 19. ( PDF )
  4. ↑ Waldmar Jury Moritz: 850 years Aukrug . Outline number I / 4. In: Homepage Aukrug. http://www.aukrug.de/daso.htm ( Memento from September 24, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  5. ↑ Helmut Willert: From early history to 1814 . In: Stadt Itzehoe (ed.): Itzehoe. History of a city in Schleswig-Holstein . Vol. 1, pp. 10f.