Pulp (feed)
Pulp is a term used for various agricultural by-products that arise from the processing of food crops . After squeezing fruits or other parts of plants or after extracting, for example, starch or oil, the pulp remains as a moist or wet fibrous residue. If necessary, the pulp is pressed out or further dried after extraction in order to reduce the moisture content and to save weight during the subsequent removal.
Pulps are primarily used as animal feed , to a lesser extent as a substrate in biogas plants .
designation
The usual word form is pulp . Instead of potato pulp , the term potato pulp is used in some texts .
In some cases, pulp has an equivalent name, for example apple pulp is an alternative name for apple pomace . In some texts extracted sugar beet pulp is referred to as pulp or sugar beet pulp .
Potato pulp
The best-known example of pulps is potato pulp (English potato pulp ). It is a by-product of the production of potato starch . Potato pulp contains the technically non-recoverable starch and the fibrous portion of the potato tuber in a proportion of about 2: 1. Fresh pulp is very rich in water, it contains only about 14 to 18% dry matter. After squeezing excess water one speaks more accurately of Kartoffelpresspülpe (English dewatered potato pulp ). The water content can be further reduced by drying.
Potato pulp is high in energy, but low in protein, vitamins and minerals. It is used as an energy-rich feed additive for dairy cows and beef cattle. It is also suitable as an airtight top layer on grass silage or maize silage . In the traditional cuisine of South America , especially the Andes region and the South Cone , the potato pulp from the production of starch is formed into balls and cooked in milk or water to form dumplings that can be served cold with sugar as a dessert.
More pulps
Pulping in the EU regulation 2017/1017 on feed materials
The information in the following table comes from Regulation 2017/1017 of the EU Commission of June 15, 2017 amending EU Regulation No. 68/2013 on the catalog of straight feed. Hints:
- The information under "No." serves to refer to the corresponding section of the regulation.
- The information under "Category" relates to the type of plants or plant parts processed. They are based (except for onion pulp) on the subheadings of the regulation text.
- The information under "Typical moisture content" results from the fact that the moisture content is subject to labeling if it is outside the specified range of values. The other information that is subject to labeling is not shown here for reasons of space.
| No. | designation | category | Procedure | description | Typical moisture content |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2.11.1 | Olive pulp | Oil fruits | Pressing, extraction |
Product obtained from the extraction of oil after pressing olives ( Olea europaea L. ) from which the core parts have been removed as far as possible | k. A. |
| 2.18.8 | Soybean pulp (soybean paste) |
Oil fruits | extraction | Product obtained from the extraction of soybeans for food production | k. A. |
| 3.9.4 | Lupine pulp | Grain legumes | extraction | Product obtained after the extraction of lupine components | k. A. |
| 3.11.10 | Pea pulp | Grain legumes | extraction | Product obtained by wet extraction of starch and protein from peas and consisting primarily of internal fibers and starch | 70-85% |
| 4.4.4 | Pressed chicory pulp | root | Extraction, pressing |
Product that is obtained from the extraction of inulin from the roots of Cichorium intybus L. and consists of extracted and mechanically pressed parts of Zichorium. Water and (soluble) carbohydrates have been partially removed from the chicory. May contain up to 1% sulfate and up to 0.2% sulfite. | 65-82% |
| 4.4.5 | Chicory pulp, dried | root | Extraction, pressing |
Product obtained from the extraction of inulin from the roots of Cichorium intybus L.; It consists of extracted, mechanically pressed and then dried Zichorient parts. The (soluble) carbohydrates in the chicory have been partially extracted. May contain up to 2% sulfate and up to 0.5% sulfite. | k. A. |
| 4.7.1 | Onion pulp | Onions | k. A. | Moist product that is obtained from processing onions (genus Allium ) and consists of peel and whole onions. If the product comes from the production of onion oil, it will contain mostly cooked leftover onion. | k. A. |
| 4.8.8 | Potato pulp | Tubers | extraction | Product from potato starch production, which consists of extracted, ground potatoes | 77-88% |
| 4.8.9 | Potato pulp, dried | Tubers | extraction | Dried product from potato starch production, which consists of extracted, ground potatoes | k. A. |
| 5.4.1 | Apple pulp ( apple pomace ), dried | fruit | k. A. | Product that is obtained from the extraction of juice from Malus domestica or the production of cider and consists mainly of pulp and dried peel. Can be depectinized . | k. A. |
| 5.4.2 | Apple pulp (apple pomace), pressed | fruit | k. A. | Moist product that is obtained from the extraction of apple juice or the production of cider and consists primarily of pressed pulp and pressed peel. Can be depectinized. | k. A. |
| 5.35.1 | Tomato pulp | fruit | Press | Product obtained from the extraction of tomato juice by pressing tomatoes of the Solanum lycopersicum L. variety and consisting primarily of tomato peel and seeds | k. A. |
Pülpen in the positive list of the ZDL for straight feed
The positive list for feed materials, which is published by the standards commission for feed materials in the Central Committee of German Agriculture (ZDL), lists potato pulp, pea pulp and chicory pulp, as well as the above-cited EU regulation - and also cereal pulp and field bean pulp that are used in the EU Regulation are not mentioned. Conversely, some of the pulps listed in the EU regulation do not appear in the ZDL's positive list. The positive list provides the following information about pulps:
| No. | designation | description | Particulars to be ingredients |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10/01/03 | Grain pulp (humidity max. 95%) |
By-product that arises from the production of starch from cleaned grain or cereal flours and can contain starch, glue and peel |
|
| 10/01/04 | Grain pulp, dried (moisture max. 13%) |
By-product obtained by largely removing water from grain pulp |
|
| 03/01/04 | Broad bean pulp | By-product in the starch of the purified broad bean is obtained and from parts of the shell and of the endosperm consists |
|
| 03.03.06 | Pea pulp | By-product that arises from the extraction of starch from the cleaned pea grains and consists of parts of the shell and the endosperm |
|
| 03/04/09 | Potato pulp | By-product that arises from the production of starch from washed potatoes and that can be dried |
|
| 04.09.03 | Chicory pulp, dried |
By-product obtained from the extraction of inulin after crushing or grinding cleaned and dried roots of chicory |
|
Similar agricultural by-products
Some similar agricultural by-products are also used as animal feed and in biogas plants, but are called differently: as pomace (press residues, among other things, from grapes), spent grains (residues from beer production), stillage (residues from the extraction of alcohol from grain) or extracted beet pulp ( By-product of sugar production from sugar beet). Press cake (or oil cake) is the usual name for oil-containing press residues.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1017 of June 15, 2017 amending Regulation (EU) No. 68/2013 on the catalog of feed materials , see Part B (Glossary of Processes), No. 26 (Extraction) and No. 52 (pressing).
- ↑ Examples: No cultivation of Amflora 2008 topagrar.com, March 11, 2008. - Who's afraid of GM potatoes? gen-ethisches-netzwerk.de. - the potato organicpotatostarch.eu. Accessed April 2, 2019.
- ↑ Regulation (EU) 2017/1017 of the Commission of June 15, 2017 amending Regulation (EU) No. 68/2013 on the catalog of feed materials , see No. 5.4.1 and 5.4.2: Apple pulp with the alternative name apple pomace .
- ↑ Example: Customized EnviThan gas feed-in in France Press release from EnviTec Biogas, December 10, 2018.
- ↑ Rohstofflexikon deutsche-tiernahrung.de, see section potato pulp
- ↑ Potato pulp as dairy cattle feed landwirt.com
- ↑ a b The potato pulp - an alternative to expensive land leasing in the dairy farm? Bavarian State Institute for Agriculture
- ↑ Paula mariangel Chavarría, Paula Fuentealba Urzúa: Patrimonio alimentario de Chile. Productos y preparaciones de la Región de La Araucanía. Fundación para la Inovación Agraria (FIA), Santiago de Chile 2018, ISBN 978-956-328-227-6 , p. 113 (online) (PDF, 14.6 MB).
- ↑ Regulation (EU) 2017/1017 of the Commission of June 15, 2017 amending Regulation (EU) No. 68/2013 on the catalog of feed materials
- ↑ Standards commission for straight feed in the Central Committee of German Agriculture: Positive list for straight feed , 13th edition, February 2019 (PDF).