Grain legumes
Grain legumes are agricultural protein crops that play an important role in human nutrition, especially in the tropics and subtropics .
botany
The following types are summarized under the term grain legumes:
Phaseolus species ( Phaseolus ssp.):
- Lima bean , moon bean ( Phaseolus lunatus L.), Engl. lima / butter bean, port. feijão-de-lima
- Tepary bean ( Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray), engl. trepary bean
- Fire bean , make-up bean ( Phaseolus coccineus L.), Engl. scarlet runner bean, span. ayocote, port. feijão-da-espanha / feijoca
- Common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.): common bean engl. common bean, span. frijol, port. feijão
- Soybean ( Glycine max ), engl. soybean, Spanish soy, port. soy
- Pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan ), engl. pigeon pea, span. guandul, port. guandu
- Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ), engl. chickpea, Spanish Garbanzo, port. grão-de-bico
- Lens ( Lens culinaris ), engl. lentil, Spanish Lenteja, port. lentilha
- Field bean ( Vicia faba ), engl. field bean, Spanish Faba, Portuguese fava
Vigna species ( Vigna ssp.)
- Cowpea , (Vigna unguiculata), engl. cow pea, port. feijão-fradinho
- Adzuki bean , (Vigna angularis), engl. azuki bean
- Mung bean , (Vigna mungo), engl. mung bean
Lupine species ( Lupinus ssp.)
- White lupine ( Lupinus albus )
- Andean lupine ( Lupinus mutabilis )
- Yellow lupine ( Lupinus luteus )
- Blue Lupine ( Lupinus angustifolius )
- Many-leaved lupins ( Lupinus polyphyllus )
Species of only local importance are the New World jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis L.) and the Old World sword bean (Canavalia gladiata) in some tropical countries. The Indian guar bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) is not used as a protein plant, but provides guar gum. Helmet beans (Lablab purpureus) are grown in Africa, India and some countries in Southeast Asia. The flat pea (Lathyrus sativus) is mainly important in India because it is considered to be very drought tolerant. Ground beans (Macrotolyma geocarpum) are only endemic to West Africa and ripen in the soil like peanuts. Other plants are the horse bean (Macrotolyma uniflorum), yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus), goa or wing bean (Psophocarpus tetragonobolus) and the tuber bean or African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa).
Rhizobia are highly specialized nodule bacteria that enter into a symbiosis with the legume root system and thus enable the plant to accumulate nitrogen.
| Useful plant | genus | Rhizobium species |
|---|---|---|
| alfalfa | Medicago, Meliotus | Rhizobium melioti |
| clover | Trifolium | Rhizobium trifolii |
| Peas and vetch | Lathyrus, Lens, Pisum, Vicia | Rhizobium leguminosarum |
| Bean | Phaseolus | Rhizobium phaseoli |
| lupine | Lupinus | Rhizobium lupini |
| Soybean | Glycine | Rhizobium japonicum |
| chick-pea | Cicer | Rhizobium ssp. |
| Vigna bean, cowpea | Cajanus, Vigna et al. a. | Rhizobium ssp. |
Distribution and growing areas
- Pigeon pea - semi-arid tropics (India and East Africa)
- Chickpea - semi-arid tropics, cultivated in India after the monsoon rains
- Lentil - semi-arid subtropics (Mediterranean, Middle East, India)
- Lupins - Subtropics (Andes, Southern Europe, Australia)
- Beans - Subtropics and Tropics (Brazil, Mexico, Central Africa)
- Field beans - Temperate Zone (Central Europe)
- Vigna - tropical Africa
Economical meaning
The soybean is of greatest economic importance and is grown as an oil crop in many subtropical countries in fully mechanized agriculture and exported as animal feed. The largest producer is Brazil . The second most important group are beans, followed by chickpeas. Chickpeas are grown on 11 million hectares worldwide, 96% in developing countries . Production has increased significantly in the past 30 years, from 7.3 MT / ha in the 1970s to 8.4 MT / ha by 2006. With 83%, India is the largest producer of chickpeas, although it is regional Shifts from the north with a cooler climate and a longer growing season to the south of the country with a hotter tropical climate and a shorter growing season. In the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh , chickpea production has tripled. In the East African countries Ethiopia , Tanzania , Sudan and Kenya , varieties resistant to fusaria (mostly large-seeded Kabuli types) with a short ripening period were able to establish themselves. Pigeon peas are now cultivated in Asia, Africa and LAC countries. The large drought tolerance and the different ripening times (90–300 days) of the varieties allow them to be grown in a wide range of climatic zones. Since 1976, areas in Asia have grown by 56% and yields have increased by 54%. The peak yields are now 4.8 MT / ha, an average of 3.6 MT / ha. Pigeon peas are grown on 4.9 million hectares worldwide, the largest producers are India with 3.8 million hectares, Myanmar with 0.5 million hectares and China with 0.1 million hectares.
Cultivation methods and land use in the tropics and subtropics
Grain legumes as the main fruit found in tropical Brandrodungsbau used to enrich the soil with nitrogen at decreasing soil fertility through degradation and Nährstoffabtrag. Fallow legumes (mostly creeping herbaceous legume species such as Pueraria phaseoloides or Centrosema pubescens) through soil cover or green manure or mulch also promotes soil improvement.
Research and breeding
The ICRISAT (International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) in Hyderabad / India , and the ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas) in Aleppo / Syria , dealt mainly with agricultural research and breeding of grain legumes and their special land use systems. Chickpeas and pigeon peas are cultivated in ICRISAT. Beans are the "meat of the poor", provide an important source of protein, carbohydrates and other nutrients and are therefore a staple food for 300 million people in the tropics. In Africa around 35 million small farmers are already using seeds that have been cultivated by the CIAT in Colombia. All programs of the research centers belonging to the CGIAR ( Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research ) aim to provide genetically improved seeds for smallholders in Africa and LAC countries ( Latin America and the Caribbean ). In addition, resource-saving production processes are being developed that take into account the cultural acceptance of the bean farmers. Further breeding goals are improved disease and pest resistance, tolerance to abiotic stress factors such as lack of water and aluminum toxicity and a higher iron content in the seeds. In addition, molecular SSR markers are being developed for national breeding programs, which facilitate the selection for certain genotypes.
In the socio-economic approach, the bean farmers should be given access to domestic and export markets.
literature
- Sigmund Rehm: Handbook of Agriculture and Food in the Developing Countries. Vol. 3, Basics of Plant Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, Göttingen 1989, ISBN 3-8001-3065-3 .
- Sigmund Rehm: Handbook of Agriculture and Food in the Developing Countries. Vol. 4, Special Plant Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, Göttingen 1989, ISBN 3-8001-3072-6 .
- Sigmund Rehm, Gustav Espig: The cultivated plants of the tropics and subtropics. Ulmer Verlag, Göttingen, 1984, ISBN 3-8001-4108-6 .
- Reinhard Dengler, Albert Ludolph, Stephan Zierz a. Coll .: Amyothrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): Chickpea Lathyrus sativus. Thieme Verlag 2000, ISBN 3-13-127502-2 .
Web links
Notes and individual references
- ^ Sigmund Rehm: Handbook of Agriculture and Food in Developing Countries. Vol. 4, Special Plant Cultivation in the Tropics and Subtropics, Göttingen 1989, pp. 254-275.
- ^ Sigmund Rehm, Gustav Espig: The cultivated plants of the tropics and subtropics. Ulmer Verlag, Göttingen, 1984, p. 121.
- ^ Sigmund Rehm: Handbook of Agriculture and Food in Developing Countries. Vol. 4, Special Plant Cultivation in the Tropics and Subtropics, Göttingen 1989, pp. 254-274.
- ↑ metric tone
- ↑ ICRISAT Crop Chickpea ( Memento of the original from December 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ^ Latin America and the Caribbean - Latin America and the Caribbean .
- ↑ ICRISAT Crop Pigeon Pea ( Memento of the original from April 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Sigmund Rehm: Handbook of Agriculture and Food in Developing Countries. Vol. 3, Basics of Crop Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, Göttingen 1989, pp. 137, 154.
- ↑ ICRISAT Crops ( Memento of the original from December 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ Synthesis Bean Program (engl.) ( Memento of the original on 15 February 2010 at the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link is automatically inserted and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ SSR - Simple Sequence Repeats.
