Police science

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Police science (historically: Policeywissenschaft ) was the study of the internal order of the community from around the first third of the 18th century to the middle of the 19th century. Today the term police science appears in a completely new context as a scientific discipline for or about the police system.

Historical science

Historical police science was a collective term that mainly comprised subjects of today's constitutional law , administrative science and early economics , into which it was broken down over the course of the century. Also, sociology and political science see the Policeywissenschaft as one of its predecessor disciplines. Police science overlapped with the term used at the same time as camera science and, as university material, was an integral part of civil servant training. The so-called Reich journalism of the 17th century can be regarded as the scientific forerunner of police science.

The first teaching chairs for "Cameralia Oeconomica" and "Policeywissenschaft" were set up in 1727 by the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm I in Halle (Saale) and Frankfurt (Oder) .

The term is derived from the term for " police " ("Policey"), which used to be wider than it is today . Examples of this now outdated terminology are “building police” (today: building supervision ), “trade police” ( trade supervisory authority ), “market police” and “foreigners police”.

The term is currently experiencing a revival as a term for a science of police in the narrower, institutional sense. It is used both as a collective term ("police science") for all disciplines that are relevant in the field of police tasks (e.g. law , criminology , criminalistics , sociology , psychology , political science , forensic entomology ), and as a designation of a ( to be developed) independent science of the police and their actions.

In 2007 a working group from CEPOL ( European Police Academy ) published a comprehensive report on the history and definitions of police science.

Modern police science

Since the 1990s, police organization has been increasingly viewed from a business perspective. Police research was now used to improve efficiency, the working atmosphere, but also the public image; a critical police science faded into the background. As a result, there were massive changes in content, structure and personnel in the police training and further education, which again led to increased professionalism.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the establishment of police science and the expansion of police research has been gaining increasing acceptance among police and science: In 2006, the German Police University (DHPol) was founded. In 2007 a working group of the European Police College CEPOL published a comprehensive report on Police Science .

The goal of modern police science is the interdisciplinary professionalization and scientific foundation of police work. It is not about a mere coexistence, but rather a coexistence of the various scientific areas (law, social science, criminology , business administration, etc.).

Police science uses methods from empirical and theoretical police research and evaluates current German and international specialist literature. The scientific knowledge about the police is brought together to an integrated (basic) knowledge and examined according to background, context and structure.

Police science is not only interested in the police as an institution, but also in other areas that are relevant to internal security. Police science research therefore includes:

  • The police as an institution with its organizational and personal characteristics
  • Police work as practical action with social consequences
  • Police, use of technology and dealing with the media
  • Police work as social control with a view to legality, effectiveness and efficiency as well as abuse of the exercise of power
  • The tasks and relationships of other institutions and services that contribute to internal security
  • The transnational connections and international influences on internal security

Police science in training and studies

Master's degree in criminology and police science

At the Ruhr University in Bochum , the criminology and police science master’s course has been offered by the chair for criminology, criminal policy and police science since 2005 . On the one hand, the course includes the discussion of fundamental problem areas, theoretical approaches and developments in criminology and police science as well as the transfer of the reflected results to the respective practical areas. On the other hand, elements and aspects of an independent police science are also discussed and developed.

Master's degree in Public Administration - Police Management

Since 2006, the German Police University (DHPol) has offered the accredited master's degree in Public Administration - Police Management . After completing their studies, police officers move up to the higher service of the police. According to the law on the German Police University (DHPolG), one of the tasks of the university is to "maintain and develop police science through research, teaching, study and further training". This legally assigned task is implemented in the teaching and research activities of the specialist areas of DHPol. Police science at DHPol has undergone a reorientation through its administrative framework, which is reflected in the subject area "Administrative Sciences with a Focus on Politics and Society".

Training at the police colleges

The police colleges of the federal states train for the higher service of the police. Your task is to conduct research in addition to teaching and to combine theory and practice. This is done by integrating the research findings into teaching the core police subjects (operational studies, traffic studies, criminology, leadership teaching). The focus here is on imparting practical useful knowledge. Accordingly, there is hardly any critical reflection on police action.

Institutional anchoring

Police science is institutionally anchored through networks of scientists and through research institutions of the federal states and the federal government.

There are three large networks of (police) scientists / researchers: 1. The project group "empirical police research" for carrying out social science research projects, 2. the working group for internal security (AKIS) for long-term networking of various research initiatives, 3. the working group for empirical police research in cooperation with members of the police organization.

The state and federal research institutions include a: a) criminological research institutes (including the criminological research institute Lower Saxony and the central criminological agency in Wiesbaden), b) the German Police University and c) research institutes at the police universities (e.g. the research center for culture and security , the institute for Police and Security Research or the Institute for Police and Criminal Science ).

Web links

bibliography

  • David Bayley, Clifford Shearing: The New Structure of Policing. Washington: The National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice . 2001 ( PDF )
  • Peter Blickle, Peter Kissling, Heinrich Richard Schmidt (ed.): Good Policey as Politics in the 16th Century. The emergence of public space in Upper Germany . Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 2003 (Studies on Policey and Policey Science), ISBN 3-465-03272-1
  • T. Feltes: A modern police force needs motivation and further training - comments on the “off-duty” further training potential in the German police and the interest in criminology . In: The police . No. 12 , 2007.
  • Thomas Feltes: Scientia Ante Portas. Escape or withstand? On the perspective of police science in Germany. In: The police. 9, 2002, pp. 245-250
  • Thomas Feltes, Maurice Punch: Good People, Dirty Work? How the police experience science and scientists experience the police and how police science is developing. In: Monthly for criminology and criminal law reform . 1, 2005, pp. 26-45.
  • Thomas Feltes: Police Science in Germany. Reflections on the profile of a (new) scientific discipline. In: Police & Science. Issue 4, 2007
  • Hans-Gerd Gaschke, Klaus Neidhardt: Modern police science as integration science. A contribution to the basic discussion. In: Police and Science. Issue 4, 2004, pp. 14-24.
  • T. John: Interagency Policing: Security Structures in Transition . In: Cooperative security policy in the city . Working Paper 8th Münster 2012.
  • Kersten, J .: What is meant by "police science" - a programmatic assessment of the situation . In: New criminal policy . tape 1 , 2012, p. 8-10 .
  • Kersten, J .: "Police Science". A programmatic assessment . In: SIAK-Journal . No. 1 , p. 4-18 .
  • Franz-Ludwig Knemeyer: Art. Police. In: Basic historical concepts. Historical lexicon on political and social language in Germany. 4 (1978), pp. 875-894.
  • Hans-Jürgen Lange (Ed.): The police of society. On the sociology of internal security. Opladen 2003.
  • Karl-Heinz Lindner Market regulation and market police (with special consideration of Prussia). Wroclaw, 1929.
  • Reinhard Mokros: Literature report on police science. 2005 ( [1] PDF).
  • Mokros, R .: Police science and police research in Germany . Felix-Verlag GbR, Holzkirchen / Obb. 2013.
  • Jo Reichertz: On the way to police science? In: Karlhans Liebl (ed.). Criminology in the 21st Century. Wiesbaden. VS Verlag. Pp. 125-144.
  • Wolfgang Wüst: The "good" Policey in the Reichskreis. For early modern standard setting in the core regions of the Old Kingdom.
    • Volume 1: The Swabian Reichskreis, with special consideration of Bavarian Swabia, Berlin 2001, ISBN 978-3-05-003415-7 .
    • Volume 2: The Franconian Reichskreis, Berlin 2003, ISBN 978-3-05-003651-9 .
    • Volume 3: The Bavarian Reich Circle and the Upper Palatinate, Berlin 2004, ISBN 978-3-05-003769-1 .
    • Volume 4: The Local Policey. Standard setting and regulatory policy in the countryside. A source work, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-05-004396-8 .
    • Volume 5: Police regulations in the Margraviate of Ansbach and Kulmbach-Bayreuth, Erlangen 2011, ISBN 978-3-940804-03-7 .
    • Volume 6: Police regulations in the Franconian monasteries Bamberg, Eichstätt and Würzburg, Erlangen 2013, ISBN 978-3-940804-04-4 .
    • Volume 7: Police regulations in the Franconian imperial cities of Nuremberg, Rothenburg or Tauber, Schweinfurt, Weißenburg and (Bad) Windsheim, Erlangen 2015, ISBN 978-3-940804-06-8 .
  • Karolina Zobel: Police. History and change of meaning of the word and its compositions. Diss. Phil. Munich 1952.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Perspectives of Police Science in Europe. )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.cepol.net