Politically motivated crime

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Politically motivated crime (PMK) describes a system of definitions for the statistical recording of political crimes within the Federal Republic of Germany . This was introduced nationwide in 2001 by resolution of the Conference of Interior Ministers .

From 2003 to 2016 the number of cases doubled. After a decline in 2017 and 2018, the numbers in 2019 almost reached the level of 2016. More than half of the cases are right-wing crimes.

definition

The PMK statistics record:

a) Criminal offenses that include state security offenses are always recorded as PMK, even if political motivation cannot be determined in the individual case. The state security offenses include u. a. the peace and treason , the use of symbols of unconstitutional organizations that insulting the state and its symbols , the membership in a terrorist organization and the abduction .

b) Criminal offenses which, after assessing the circumstances of the offense and / or the attitude of the perpetrator, there are indications that they

  1. should influence the democratic decision-making process, serve to achieve or prevent political goals or be directed against the realization of political decisions,
  2. are directed against the free democratic basic order or one of its essential characteristics, the existence and security of the Federation or a Land, or aim to unlawfully interfere with the conduct of office of members of the constitutional organs of the Federation or a Land,
  3. endanger foreign interests of the Federal Republic of Germany through the use of force or preparatory actions aimed at it, or
  4. are directed against a person because of their political attitude, nationality, ethnicity, race, skin color, religion, ideology, origin or because of their external appearance, their disability, their sexual orientation or their social status and the act is or is causally related to it in this context directed against an institution / thing or an object.

The PMK statistics subdivide the recorded crimes into the five phenomenon areas of politically motivated crime “left” (PMK-left), “right” (PMK-right), “foreign ideology” (PMK - foreign ideology), “religious ideology” (PMK - religious ideology) and “other or not assignable” (PMK-other).

  • As a politically motivated crime - right (PMK-right) is believed "if references to völkischem nationalism , racism , social Darwinism and Nazism cause were completely or partially for the offense was committed".
  • The politically motivated crime - left (PMK-left) are associated crimes "when present in evaluating the circumstances of the offense and / or the attitude of the offender evidence that they are attributable to a, left orientation 'without action already The aim must be to repeal or abolish an element of the free democratic basic order. In particular, acts are to be added if references to anarchism or communism were wholly or partially the cause of the commission. "
  • The politically motivated crime - foreign ideology (PMK foreign ideology) are offenses which assigned "the essential from abroad originating ideological backgrounds fact represent".
  • The politically motivated crime - religious ideology (PMK-religious ideology) crimes are associated with religiously motivated / legitimized background.
  • The area of politically motivated crime - other (PMK-other) comprises criminal offenses that cannot be assigned to any of the other sub-categories.

Statistical collection

The PMK is an input statistic. It records criminal offenses at the start of the police investigation, d. H. based on the initial suspicion. Should the initial recording, non-recording or categorization prove to be incorrect in the course of the determination, this must be corrected afterwards. Late registrations and corrections are only included in the annual statistics until January 31 of the following year. In practice, decisions of the public prosecutor's office and / or the criminal court that deviate from what is recorded by the police are only taken into account in the case of particularly serious offenses.

The police crime statistics (PKS) record the criminal offenses that became known to the police as initial statistics only after the police investigation has been completed before submission to the public prosecutor's office. In return for the PMK, the annual PKS therefore includes the investigations completed in the calendar year regardless of the time of the offense. With the exception of (real) state security offenses, traffic offenses and violations of state laws, the PKS also includes the criminal offenses of the PMK. Due to the different survey methods, however, the data are not comparable.

According to the type of crime , the subset is terrorism , politically motivated violent crime , propaganda offenses , and other offenses . In addition to the criminal offenses of Paragraphs 129a and 129b of the Criminal Code, the catalog offenses of Section 129a of the Criminal Code and individual state security offenses are also included as terrorism . The types of crime violent crime in addition to the classic violent offenses also includes simple assault and resisting law enforcement officers that are not included in the police crime statistics on violent crimes. As propaganda crimes crimes are the dissemination of propaganda of unconstitutional organizations and the use of symbols of unconstitutional organizations covered.

The total number of criminal offenses at the PMK developed in the reporting period independently of the overall trend in criminal offenses , which are recorded in the police crime statistics and are clearly declining . The PMK, on ​​the other hand, hit a low point in 2003 with 20,477 crimes. By 2016, the number of cases had more than doubled to 41,549, then fell again to almost reach the value of 2016 again in 2019. Well over half of the cases are right-wing criminal offenses. In relation to the total number of crimes (2019: 5,436,401), however, they only make up 0.76%.

In the following diagram, the number of cases since 2001 are shown as superimposed strips.

Shares 2019:

history

The "Definition System of Politically Motivated Crime" was adopted by the Conference of Interior Ministers on May 10, 2001 retrospectively to January 1, 2001 together with the "Guidelines for the Criminal Police Reporting Service in Political Crime Cases (KPMD-PMK)". The introduction of the PMK replaced both the "Police Criminal Statistics State Protection" (PKS-S) introduced in 1959 and the "Criminal Police Reporting Service in State Security Matters" (KPMD-S) introduced in 1961. Due to different recording and evaluation criteria, the statistical data cannot be compared.

The introduction of the new definition system was preceded by a social debate about the discrepancy between official and unofficial numbers of fatalities from right-wing extremist violence in the Federal Republic of Germany . In September 2000 the daily newspapers Tagesspiegel and Frankfurter Rundschau published a list of 93 fatalities from right-wing extremist violence in Germany since 1990. The KPMD-S reported only 25 fatalities for the same period. A review was arranged, bringing the number to 36 people. In the public debate, the methodology of the KPMD-S and the competence of the clerks on site were questioned. The accusation of deliberately manipulating the numbers downwards was also made. The discussion about a reassessment of the criteria to be applied and the compilation of statistics in the area of ​​xenophobia and right-wing extremism ultimately resulted in the PMK.

Until 2015 there was the phenomenon of “foreign crime”, which since 2016 has been split into “foreign ideology” and “religious ideology”. This distinction became necessary after it came into the special focus of public and security agency perception.

literature

  • Susanne Feustel: Tendentiously. The state registration of politically motivated crime and the production of the "danger from the left". In: Forum for critical right-wing extremism research (ed.): Order. Power. Extremism: Effects and alternatives of the extremism model , VS Verlag, Wiesbaden 2011, p. 147
  • Answer of the Federal Government to the small question of the left faction in the Bundestag politically motivated crime of June 7, 2010, printed matter 17/1928

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ cf. Politically motivated crime lexicon of the Federal Ministry of the Interior, for Building and Home Affairs, accessed on October 20, 2019
  2. ↑ The state security offenses include Sections 80 to 83, 84 to 86a, 87 to 91, 94 to 100a, 102 to 104a, 105 to 108e, 109 to 109h, 129a, 129b, 234a or 241a StGB .
  3. ↑ Quoted from: Susanne Feustel: Tendenziell tendentious. The state registration of politically motivated crime and the production of the "danger from the left". In: Forum for critical right-wing extremism research (ed.): Order. Power. Extremism: Effects and alternatives of the extremism model, VS Verlag, Wiesbaden 2011, p. 147
  4. ^ Left violence in Berlin 2009-2013
  5. ↑ a b c Answer of the Federal Government to the Small Inquiry to the Small Inquiry from the CDU / CSU and SPD parliamentary groups - printed matter 18/12811 - , p. 2.
  6. ↑ Answer of the Federal Government to the minor question from the MPs Ulla Jelpke, Jan Korte, Wolfgang Neskovic, other MPs and the DIE LINKE parliamentary group. - Printed matter 17/1630 , p. 5.
  7. ↑ Answer of the Federal Government to the small question of the left faction in the Bundestag right-wing extremist homicides since 1990 and anti-Semitically motivated desecrations of Jewish cemeteries since 2000 of October 7, 2009, printed matter 16/14122
  8. ↑ In the PKS only violations of §§ 315 ( dangerous interference in rail, ship and air traffic ), 315b ( dangerous interference in road traffic ) of the Criminal Code (StGB) and § 22a (improper production, distribution or distribution of License plate) of the Road Traffic Act (StVG).
  9. ↑ The PKS only includes violations of the relevant regulations in the state data protection laws .
  10. ↑ Answer of the Federal Government to the small question of the left faction in the Bundestag politically motivated crime of June 7th 2010, printed matter 17/1928, p. 2f
  11. ↑ Section 89a of the Criminal Code: preparation of a serious act of violence endangering the state; Section 89b of the Criminal Code: Establishing relationships with the purpose of committing a serious act of violence endangering the state; Section 98c StGB: Financing of Terrorism (since 2015); Section 91 of the Criminal Code: Instructions for the commission of a serious act of violence that endangers the state
  12. ↑ Politically motivated violence at demonstrations
  13. ↑ Cf. Police Berlin: Selected case numbers of politically motivated crime in Berlin. 1st half of 2015  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Status: July 28, 2015. 5f@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.berlin.de  
  14. ↑ Police crime statistics - time series overview of case tables. Federal Criminal Police Office, accessed on March 30, 2020 .
  15. ↑ a b c The data are summarized from the following publication:
  16. ↑ Federal Ministry of the Interior, Federal Ministry of Justice: First Periodic Security Report. July 2001, pp. 263, 272f