Cartilaginous herbs

Cartilaginous herbs
	Cartilage ( Polycnemum arvense )
Systematics
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order :	Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family :	Foxtail family (Amaranthaceae)
Subfamily :	Polycnemoideae
Tribe :	Polycnemeae
Genre :	Cartilaginous herbs
Scientific name
	Polycnemum
	L.

The cartilage herbs ( Polycnemum ) are a genus of plants in the subfamily Polycnemoideae within the foxtail family (Amaranthaceae). They used to be part of the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae).

description

Vegetative characteristics

Cartilage species are annual or perennial herbaceous plants . They have weak hairs made up of simple and irregularly branched hairs ( trichomes ). The prostrate or ascending stems are ribbed.

The leaves are alternate, often clumped, sitting and more or less encompassing the stems on the stems. The non-fleshy leaf blades are linear or subulate and have entire margins.

Generative characteristics

The flowers stand individually in the axilla of a bract with two dry-skinned bracts. The hermaphrodite flowers are small and inconspicuous. The inflorescence consists of five membranous tepals . The one to five stamens are connected at the base. The ovary is egg-shaped and carries up short scars.

The fruit is slightly compressed vertically, with a thin pericarp, and remains enclosed by the perennial flower cover. The seed is vertical, black, with a clearly grained surface. The ring-shaped embryo encloses the nutrient tissue.

Photosynthetic pathway

All species of the genus Polycnemum are C ₃ plants .

distribution

The genus Polycnemum is distributed in Central and Southern Europe , in northwest Africa and the Mediterranean area to Central Asia. Of the approximately seven species, the three types of cartilage ( Polycnemum arvense ), large cartilage ( Polycnemum majus ) and warty cartilage ( Polycnemum verrucosum ) occur in Germany.

Systematics

The genus Polycnemum was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 35. The type species is Polycnemum arvense L. The genus was classified under the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae), but also placed there because of some similarities with the foxtail family (Amaranthaceae), for example by Alfred Moquin-Tandon (in Chenopodearum Monographica Enumeratio 11, 1840) and by Pierre Edmond Boissier (in Flora Orientalis 4, 1879, p. 995). Phylogenetic research has shown that the genus Polycnemum is one of the basal lines of development in the evolution of the now expanded Amaranthaceae family. The genus Polycnemum belongs to the tribe polycnemoideae , the only tribe of the subfamily Polycnemoideae within the family of Amaranthaceae .

The genus Polycnemum includes six species:

Field cartilage ( Polycnemum arvense L. )
Polycnemum fontanesii Durieu & Moq. : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.
Heuffels cartilage herb ( Polycnemum heuffelii Láng ): It is originally found in Austria, Hungary, Serbia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece and the Ukraine.
Greater cartilage herb ( Polycnemum majus A.Braun ex Bogenh. )
Polycnemum perenne Litv. : It was first described from Central Asia.
Warty cartilage ( Polycnemum verrucosum Láng )

literature

Ian Charleson Hedge: Polycnemum . In: Karl Heinz Rechinger et al. (Ed.): Flora Iranica , Volume 172 - Chenopodiaceae . Akad. Druck, Graz 1997, p. 18. (sections description, distribution, systematics).

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b Gudrun Kadereit, Thomas Borsch, Kurt Weising & Helmut Freitag: Phylogeny of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the evolution of C ₄ photosynthesis . In: International Journal of Plant Sciences , Volume 164 (6), 2003, pp. 959-986. [1]
↑ Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= The fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
^ Polycnemum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
^ Rüdiger Masson & Gudrun Kadereit: Phylogeny of Polycnemoideae (Amaranthaceae): Implications for biogeography, character evolution and taxonomy . In: Taxon 62 (1), 2013, pp. 100–111. [2]
↑ ^a ^b Pertti Johannes Uotila, 2011: Chenopodiaceae . Datasheet Polycnemum In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

Web links

Commons : Cartilage Herbs ( Polycnemum ) - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

[Kadereit_2003-1] Gudrun Kadereit, Thomas Borsch, Kurt Weising & Helmut Freitag: Phylogeny of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the evolution of C ₄ photosynthesis . In: International Journal of Plant Sciences , Volume 164 (6), 2003, pp. 959-986. [1]

[2] Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= The fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .

[biodiversitylibrary-3] First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .

[GRIN-4] Polycnemum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

[Masson-5] Rüdiger Masson & Gudrun Kadereit: Phylogeny of Polycnemoideae (Amaranthaceae): Implications for biogeography, character evolution and taxonomy . In: Taxon 62 (1), 2013, pp. 100–111. [2]

[Euro+Med-6] Pertti Johannes Uotila, 2011: Chenopodiaceae . Datasheet Polycnemum In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.