Polymersome

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Polymersomes are artificial vesicles that are used in biochemistry and biotechnology for inclusion immobilization . The term was coined based on liposomes . In contrast to liposomes, polymersomes are made from amphiphilic block copolymers and therefore consist of longer-chain polymers such as bio-based plastics . Therefore, they are more stable and less permeable.

properties

Polymersomes have radii between 50 nanometers and 5 micrometers. Aqueous solutions are usually enclosed in polymersomes in order to protect dissolved components such as proteins , DNA , RNA or small molecules from being metabolized . Areas of application are e.g. B. Drug Targeting , depot dosage forms , Nanoreactors and artificial cells .

Do polymersome transport proteins such as B. ion channels , they are also known as synthosomes . Such a semipermeable membrane allows polymersomes to selectively accumulate molecules inside. If enzymes have previously been included in the polymersome, a targeted metabolism of the selectively absorbed molecule can be achieved. By choosing suitable additives in the polymersomes, properties such as permeability and stability and thus the rate of release can be changed in a targeted manner. Similar to liposomes, coating the polymersomes with polyethylene glycol can reduce immunogenicity , which extends the biological half-life .

Manufacturing

Mostly linear polymers are used as diblock and triblock copolymers. The use of hydrophilic and hydrophobic copolymers in alternation gives the polymers amphiphilic properties. Comb-like copolymers are used to make branched polymers. There are those with a hydrophilic comb and hydrophobic extensions or those with a hydrophobic comb and hydrophilic extensions. Transportable powders can be produced by cross-linking .

With a triblock copolymer, a hydrophobic middle block is usually chosen, flanked by two hydrophilic copolymers, so that a single layer ( monolayer ) is formed. The production of the polymersomes from the polymers takes place analogously to liposomes.

The following blocks are approved by the USFDA in the USA :

Hydrophilic blocks

Hydrophobic blocks

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ BM Discher, YY Won, DS Ege, JC Lee, FS Bates, DE Discher, DA Hammer: Polymersomes: tough vesicles made from diblock copolymers. In: Science . Volume 284, Number 5417, May 1999, pp. 1143-1146, ISSN  0036-8075 . PMID 10325219 .
  2. ↑ a b B. M. Discher, H. Bermudez, DA Hammer, DE Discher, Y.-Y. Won, FS Bates: Cross-linked polymersome membranes: Vesicles with broadly adjustable properties. In: Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 106 (11), 2002, pp. 2848-2854.
  3. ^ DA Christian, S. Cai, DM Bowen, Y. Kim, JD Pajerowski, DE Discher: Polymersome carriers: from self-assembly to siRNA and protein therapeutics. In: European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics . Volume 71, Number 3, March 2009, pp. 463-474. ISSN  1873-3441 . doi: 10.1016 / j.ejpb.2008.09.025 . PMID 18977437 . PMC 2702089 (free full text).
  4. ↑ Corinne Nardin, Sandra Thoeni, Joerg Widmer, Mathias Winterhalter, Wolfgang Meier: Nanoreactors based on (Polymerized) ABA triblock copolymer vesicles. In: Chemical Communications (Cambridge). (15), 2000, pp. 1433-1434.
  5. ^ DR Arifin, AF Palmer: Polymersome encapsulated hemoglobin: a novel type of oxygen carrier. In: Biomacromolecules. Volume 6, Number 4, Jul-Aug 2005, pp. 2172-2181, ISSN  1525-7797 . doi: 10.1021 / bm0501454 . PMID 16004460 .
  6. ↑ a b F. Meng, GH Engbers, J. Feijen: Biodegradable polymersomes as a basis for artificial cells: encapsulation, release and targeting. In: Journal of Controlled Release . Volume 101, Numbers 1-3, January 2005, pp. 187-198, ISSN  0168-3659 . doi: 10.1016 / j.jconrel.2004.09.026 . PMID 15588904 .
  7. ↑ NASA Polymersome ( Memento of the original from April 30, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved October 2, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / science.nasa.gov
  8. ↑ Ozana Onaca, Madhavan Nallani, Saskia Ihle, Alexander Schenk, Ulrich Schwaneberg: Functionalized nanocompartments (Synthosomes): limitations and prospective applications in industrial biotechnology . In: Biotechnology Journal . tape 1 , no. 7–8 , August 2006, pp. 795-805 , doi : 10.1002 / biot.200600050 , PMID 16927262 .
  9. ↑ a b c d F. Ahmed, DE Discher: Self-porating polymersomes of PEG-PLA and PEG-PCL: hydrolysis-triggered controlled release vesicles. In: Journal of controlled release: official journal of the Controlled Release Society. Volume 96, Number 1, April 2004, pp. 37-53, ISSN  0168-3659 . doi: 10.1016 / j.jconrel.2003.12.021 . PMID 15063028 .
  10. ↑ DH Levine, PP Ghoroghchian, J. Freudenberg, G. Zhang, MJ Therien, MI Greene, DA Hammer, R. Murali: Polymer Somes: a new multi-functional tool for cancer diagnosis and therapy. In: Methods (San Diego, Calif.). Volume 46, Number 1, September 2008, pp. 25-32, ISSN  1095-9130 . doi: 10.1016 / j.ymeth.2008.05.006 . PMID 18572025 . PMC 2714227 (free full text).
  11. ↑ Hongfeng Qi, Chongli Zhong: Density Functional Theory Studies on the Microphase Separation of Amphiphilic Comb Copolymers in a Selective Solvent. In: Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 112 (35), 2008, pp. 10841-10847.
  12. ↑ Zhuo Yi, Xuanbo Liu, Qing Jiao, Erqiang Chen, Yongming Chen, Fu Xi: Synthesis, characterization, and self-assembly of comb-dendronized amphiphilic block copolymers. In: Journal of Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 46 (12), 2008, pp. 4205-4217.
  13. ↑ a b c C. Nardin, T. Hirt, J. Leukel, W. Meier: Polymerized ABA Triblock Copolymer Vesicles. In: Langmuir . 16, 3, 2000, pp. 1035-1041.
  14. ↑ a b c S. Rameez, H. Alosta, AF Palmer: Biocompatible and biodegradable polymersome encapsulated hemoglobin: a potential oxygen carrier. In: Bioconjugate Chemistry . Volume 19, Number 5, May 2008, pp. 1025-1032. ISSN  1520-4812 . doi: 10.1021 / bc700465v . PMID 18442283 .
  15. ^ L. Ayres, PH Adams, DW Löwik, JC van Hest: Beta-sheet side chain polymers synthesized by atom-transfer radical polymerization. In: Biomacromolecules. Volume 6, Number 2, Mar-Apr 2005, pp. 825-831. ISSN  1525-7797 . doi: 10.1021 / bm049421p . PMID 15762647 .