Pylaemenes (genus)

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Pylaemenes
Pair of Pylaemenes sepilokensis sepilokensis

Pair of Pylaemenes sepilokensis sepilokensis

Systematics
Order : Ghost horror (Phasmatodea)
Partial order : Areolatae
Superfamily : Bacilloidea
Family : Heteropterygidae
Subfamily : Dataminae
Genre : Pylaemenes
Scientific name
Pylaemenes
Stål , 1875
Pair of Pylaemenes sepilokensis sepilokensis from Tawau
Pair of Pylaemenes mitratus from Kota Bharu
Pair of Pylaemenes coronatus , illustration from Redtenbacher 1906
Male of Pylaemenes Oileus , representation from Redtenbacher 1906, there as Datames Oileus referred

The genus Pylaemenes ( Syn. Datames ) combines small to medium-sized, often light-colored ghost species. Their representatives are located in large parts of Southeast Asia .

features

The average size of representatives of this genus in the male sex is between 35 and 50 millimeters and between 40 and 60 millimeters in the female sex. All species are always wingless. The basic color of adult animals is usually a light beige or brown, which can be supplemented by almost white, brown or black markings depending on the species and gender. On the forehead, which becomes narrower towards the top, there are four clear elevations that are differently designed depending on the type. The antennae are considerably longer than the fore legs . One to three teeth can be found on the outer edge of the first sensor segment. The body surface is usually only covered with tubercles . Often there is a keel in the middle of the otherwise flat upper side of the thorax and sometimes also on its side edges. The pronotum is significantly shorter than half the mesonotum . Large elevations arranged in pairs can often be found on the front edge of the mesonotum, which in males can also be formed as spines. The abdomen of the males is slim and cylindrical, the front half of the adult female is particularly swollen. Depending on the species, pairs of spines can be found in certain places on the thorax and abdomen, especially in males. Like all Dataminae , the females of the genus Pylaemenes do not have a laying stinger to lay eggs.

distribution

The distribution area of ​​the genus Pylaemenes includes large parts of Southeast Asia. Their representatives can be found in many areas of the Malay Archipelago , especially on Borneo . There are also species on the Malay Peninsula , Thailand , and China .

Way of life

The hidden animals only come out of their hiding places in the leafy layer of the ground or on or behind the bark when it is dark. They are very lazy during the day and pretend to be dead when they are discovered (play dead reflex ), stretching their hind legs backwards, front and middle legs forwards and putting them close to the body. The eggs can be more arched on the dorsal side and often have short, barbed hairs. The micropylar plate has three legs, one leg pointing towards the lid, while the other two run more or less circularly around the egg (see also the construction of the phasmid egg ). The eggs are usually laid on the ground, wedged in the bark near the ground or attached to plants such as mosses.

Systematics

In 1875, Carl Stål established the genus Pylaemenes for some species that were previously listed in the genus Acanthoderus . Of the species originally rearranged by him, only Pylaemenes coronatus remains in the genus. All others have turned out to be synonymous with other species or have turned out to be representatives of other genera. As namesake, Stål chose the Paphlagonian king Pylaemenes, a figure from Greek mythology . Since he had not specified a type species , William Forsell Kirby selected Pylaemenes coronatus in 1904, the oldest species listed in the genus at that time, which is still valid today as a type species.

In 1875, in the same publication in which he described the genus Pylaemenes , Stål established the genus Datames for Acanthoderus mouhotii (today Orestes mouhotii ) and Acanthoderus oileus , which he named after the ancient Persian official and general Datames . James Abram Garfield Rehn set Datames oileus as the type species in 1904 . In the following years almost all newly described species were assigned to the genus Datames . When Frank H. Hennemann discovered in 1998 that the type species Datames oileus belongs to the genus Pylaemenes , Datames was synonymous and all species that had belonged to Datames until then moved into the genus Pylaemenes .

When Joachim Bresseel and Jérôme Constant worked on the genus Orestes and described six new species in this previously monotypical genus , a number of species that had previously belonged to Pylaemenes were transferred to the genus Orestes .

Valid types are therefore:

(Syn. = Acanthoderus occipitalis Kaup , 1871)
(Syn. = Acanthoderus spiniventris Bates , 1865)
(Syn. = Datames arietinus Redtenbacher , 1906)
(Syn. = Datames aequalis Rehn , 1904)
(Syn. = Datames cylindripes Redtenbacher , 1906)
(Syn. = Acanthoderus gravidus Bates , 1865)
(Syn. = Pylaemenes infans Redtenbacher , 1906)

Terrariums

Several species of the genus are present in lovers' terrariums . In 1999, Francis Seow-Choen introduced Pylaemenes mitratus from the Malay Peninsula . The Phasmid Study Group gave the species PSG number 212. Another strain of this species was introduced from Kota Bharu in 2015 . The most widespread species is currently (mid-2018) Pylaemenes sepilokensis , which is kept in at least two breeding lines of the subspecies Pylaemenes sepilokensis sepilokensis . It was first collected by Mark Bushell in summer 2001 on Borneo, more precisely near Sepilok , and brought to Europe. This species received the PSG number 245. After it was lost in the meantime, it has been in breeding again since around 2015 after further imports. In addition to the breeding line from Sepilok, there is another one from Tawau

supporting documents

  1. ^ A b c Paul D. Brock : Phasmida Species File Online . Version 5.0 / 5.0 (accessed October 14, 2018)
  2. ↑ a b c d Holger Dräger: Specters of the family Heteropterygidae Kirby , 1896 (Phasmatodea) - an overview of previously kept species, Part 2: The subfamily Dataminae Rehn & Rehn , 1839 , ZAG Phoenix, No. 5 June 2012 Volume 3 (1 ), Pp. 22-45, ISSN  2190-3476
  3. ↑ Josef Redtenbacher : The insect family of the phasmids. Vol. 1. Phasmidae Areolatae . Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1906, pp. 47–53 ( online version )
  4. ^ Philip E. Bragg : Phasmids of Borneo , Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, 2001, p. 184, ISBN 983-812-027-8
  5. ^ A b Paul D. Brock & Masaya Okada: Taxonomic notes on Pylaemenes Stål 1875 (Phasmida: Heteropterygidae: Dataminae), including of the description of the male of P. guanxiensis (Bi & Li, 1994) . Journal of Orthopthera Research 2005, 14 (1), pp. 23-26
  6. ^ Frank H. Hennemann : A contribution to the knowledge of the phasmid fauna of Sulawesi . Messages from the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin 1998, Zoologische Reihe 74, pp. 95–128
  7. ↑ Joachim Bresseel & Jérôme Constant : The Oriental stick insect genus Orestes Redtenbacher, 1906: Taxonomical notes and six new species from Vietnam (Phasmida: Heteropterygidae: Dataminae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 58: 1–62, Brussels 2018, ISSN  1374-5514 , Full article (PDF).
  8. ↑ Phasmid page ( Memento of the original from May 2, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. by Frank H. Hennemann & Oskar V. Conle @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.phasmatodea.com
  9. ↑ Phasmid Study Group Culture List (Eng.)

Web links

Commons : Pylaemenes  - collection of images, videos and audio files