Ohrid Framework Agreement

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Annex to the Framework Agreement

The Ohrid Framework Agreement ( Macedonian Охридски рамковен договор Ohridski ramkoven dogovor ; Albanian  Marrëveshja e Ohrit ) is an agreement concluded between the two largest Macedonian and the two major Albanian parties of North Macedonia on August 13, 2001, a political and political representation of the minority in North Macedonia Administration should secure. It put an end to the violent conflict in the country in 2001 and was intended to establish a sustainable political order.

In the first half of 2001, the separatist and militarist group Albanian Liberation Army in Macedonia (UÇK) tried to join the Albanian settlement areas in North Macedonia with Kosovo through violent clashes. The unrest triggered by the actions of this group could have led to civil war and, as a consequence, to the dissolution of the Macedonian state. Under pressure from the European Union and the USA , the representatives of the four largest parties in the country decided to start talks on how to resolve the ethnic conflict between the Macedonian majority and the Albanian minority.

With the help of international mediators, a framework agreement was reached in Ohrid after negotiations from July 27th to August 8th, 2001, which provided for, among other things, a decentralization of the administration, a redrawing of the municipal boundaries and further possibilities for the use of the Albanian language in administration. Of particular importance here is the principle of double majorities ( Badinter principle ), i.e. a majority also among those MPs who represent a minority, i.e. primarily the ethnic-Albanian MPs.

The North Macedonian government signed the agreement by President Boris Trajkovski and Prime Minister Ljubčo Georgievski , who was also chairman of the VMRO-DPMNE . As counsel signed Branko Crvenkovski  as chairman of Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija , Arbën Xhaferi as chairman of the Albanian Democratic Party and Imer Imeri as chairman of the Party for Democratic Prosperity . The mediators François Léotard of the European Union and James W. Pardew of the USA are listed as witnesses . Also present were Javier Solana , George Robertson and Jaime Gama as representatives of the OSCE .

The agreement itself was not legally binding. Rather, the changes envisaged therein had to be implemented into applicable law through laws of the Macedonian parliament. This has largely happened in the following years. In 2009, however, some Albanian politicians voiced doubts about the implementation of the agreement ( see North Macedonia # Domestic Policy ).

"The framework agreement has made a decisive contribution to the internal political stability of Macedonia and brought the Albanian population closer to the state, but the ethnic segregation of society could not be overcome."

- Robert Pichler

literature

  • M. Maksuti: Aspecti juridiko-kushtetues dhe politics i statusit shtetformues te popullit shqiptar ne Maqedoni . Logos-A, Skopje u. a. 2005, ISBN 9989-58164-9 .
  • Stefan Troebst: The Macedonian Century - From the Beginnings of the National Revolutionary Movement to the Ohrid Agreement 1893-2001. Selected essays . Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-486-58050-1 .
  • Anja Czymmeck, Kristina Viciska: A future model for multi-ethnic coexistence? - Review after ten years of the Ohrid Framework Agreement in Macedonia . In: KAS foreign information . tape 11/2011 . Berlin 2011, p. 75-93 ( kas.de [PDF]).
  • James Pettifer: FYROM after Ohrid . In: Defense Academy of the United Kingdom (Ed.): Conflict Studies Research Center . Camberley 2002, ISBN 1-903584-70-1 ( professorjamespettifer.com [PDF; accessed December 25, 2015]).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Robert Pichler: Exploring a landscape. Post-socialist worlds in the Macedonian-Albanian border area (Preučevanija pokrajine. Postsocialistični živiljenjski svetovi na obmejnem območju med Makedonijo in Albanijo) . Ed .: Michael Petrowitsch (=  catalog # 20 ). Pavelhaus, Laafeld (Potrna) 2012, ISBN 978-3-900181-61-1 (exhibition catalog).
  2. ^ A b Ilber Sela: The political question of the Albanians in Macedonia . GRIN Verlag, 2003, ISBN 978-3-638-18713-8 ( books.google.ch - excerpt).
  3. ↑ Ohrid Framework Agreement. (PDF; 94 kB) In: Secretariat for implementation of Ohrid agreement. Retrieved October 14, 2012 (Albanian).