Field buttercup

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Field buttercup
Field buttercup (R. arvensis), illustration

Field buttercup ( R. arvensis ), illustration

Systematics
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Subfamily : Ranunculoideae
Tribe : Ranunculeae
Genre : Buttercup ( Ranunculus )
Type : Field buttercup
Scientific name
Ranunculus arvensis
L.

The field buttercup ( Ranunculus arvensis ) is a species of plant in the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). It is native to Eurasia .

description

Collective fruit consisting of nuts
Nuts
Spikes on the surface of a nut
Upper part of a field buttercup with two stalked flowers. The hairy sepals are easy to see.
Stems with leaves

Appearance and foliage leaf

The field buttercup grows as an annual herbaceous plant and reaches stature heights of (15 to) usually 20 to 80 cm. The upright or ascending stem is branched and hairy bald to more or less lying flat.

The leaves are basal and arranged alternately on the stem. The three to five basal leaves and the lower stem leaves consist of a petiole and a leaf blade. Their 1.6 to 6 cm long petiole is hairy sparsely and downy. Their paper-like, sparsely pressed down, downy, hairy leaf blade is obovate or broadly rhombic in outline with a length of 1.5 to 5.2 cm and a width of 1.5 to 4.2 cm and a more or less wide wedge-shaped blade base. It is three-lobed to more or less deep three-part and at the rounded or pointed tip two- or three-toothed; their leaf sections are narrowly wedge-shaped, obscure-lanceolate or linear. The upper stalk leaves are sessile, glabrous, more or less tripartite with narrow wedge-shaped or linear-lanceolate sections.

Ranunculus arvensis in an extensive cereal field (oats)

blossom

On a plant there are some flowers opposite the upper leaves. The pedicel-round flower stalks are pressed down and hairy. The hermaphrodite, radial symmetry flowers have a diameter of 4 to 15 mm. The flower base (receptacle) is hairy sparsely and stiffly. The five spread sepals are narrowly ovate with a length of 4 to 7 mm and a width of 1 to 2 mm and bristly haired on the underside. The five light yellow to greenish-yellow petals are obovate with a length of 5.5 to 8 mm and a width of 2 to 4 mm and rounded at the tip. The nectar pit is covered by a scale. There are many stamens present. The 3 to 8 mm long punch has an approximately 2.6 mm long, durable stylus.

fruit

In a disc-shaped to almost spherical collective crop with a diameter of 8 to 12 mm, there are five to eight nuts. The flat and edged, bald nuts are elliptical with a length of (4 to) usually 6 to 7 (to 8) mm and a width of 2.8 to 5 mm. They are covered with many 2 to 4 mm long spines or sometimes ribbed in a network. The 1.6 to 3.8 mm long beak is sublet, straight or more or less curved at the tip. The nuts are typical Velcro fruits; But there is also a spread of processing by small birds.

The flowering period extends from April to July, depending on the location. Fruit ripening is from June to September.

Chromosome number

The plant is tetraploid, its chromosome number is 2n = 32.

Occurrence

The field buttercup is common in Europe and Asia Minor. For example, in parts of North America and China, it is a neophyte .

The field buttercup occurs collinear to montane on nutrient-rich, loamy-clay fields and is considered to be a loam pointer . He is basenhold , i.e. H. he prefers basic soils . The occurrences are scattered or rare in all German federal states. This poisonous plant species is primarily endangered by the use of herbicides in agriculture. She is a species of character of the Secalietea class.

swell

  • Alan T. Whittemore: Ranunculus arvensis . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 , pp. 106 (English). (Section Description and Distribution).
  • Wang Wencai & Michael G. Gilbert: Ranunculus arvensis. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 , pp. 430 (English). , PDF file (section description and distribution).
  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen: Atlas florae europaeae . Volume 8 (Nymphaeaceae to Ranunculaceae). Pages 145-146, Helsinki 1989. ISBN 951-9108-07-6
  2. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  409 .

Web links

Commons : Field Buttercup ( Ranunculus arvensis )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files