Reich Ministry for Science, Education and Public Education

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Extension of the former Prussian Ministry of Culture in Berlin's Wilhelmstrasse, from 1934 seat of REM

The Reich Ministry of Science, Education and Public Education (unofficially also called "Reich Science Ministry" and "Reich Education Ministry" REM) existed from May 1934 until the end of the war in 1945. During this time it was headed by Reich Minister Bernhard Rust (1883-1945). It served the efforts of the National Socialists to restructure the schools in the German Reich in line with National Socialism . In terms of personnel, it essentially emerged from the former Prussian Ministry of Culture and was closed in 1945 by the Allies.

The ministry building in Berlin, Unter den Linden 4, was destroyed in the Second World War except for the extension built in 1903 by Paul Kieschke on the corner of Wilhelmstrasse and Behrenstrasse . The GDR Ministry for National Education used it as an office building until 1990 and the German Bundestag after 1994.

development

Until May 1, 1934, the education system was under the Reich Ministry of the Interior under Wilhelm Frick , then the provisional Prussian minister of culture was looked after by the newly formed Reich Ministry . The responsibility of the state ministries of culture for education continued to exist in some cases. B. for the provision of teachers.

In the sense of the Führer principle , the Ministry of Rust was run very strictly. He introduced a division into several offices instead of departments in order to stand out from the traditional bureaucracy: Office of Science , Office of Education , Office of People's Education, Office of Physical Education (with the departments of physical exercise and youth care ), and also the clerical department , whose church affairs in 1935 transferred to the Reich Church Ministry, and the Landjahr department . The education in National Socialism was, however, not only by him but also by Ernst Krieck , the National Socialist Teachers League NSLB determined and the various youth organizations of the Nazi state, so mainly by the increasing influence winning Hitler Youth .

Political goals, edicts and guidelines

Schools and universities, research institutions and museums in the German Reich, in which around 250,000 civil servants were employed, were subordinate to the Ministry. In 1934 there was a will to create a uniform school system in Germany : four years of elementary school (+ three years of vocational training) or middle school (+ two years of vocational training) or higher school based on the four-year joint primary school. As early as 1936 it became clear that the regional differences could not be standardized quickly. Rust's action was determined by many considerations, and he followed the motto, not the boys in the new state hineinzuunterrichten to leave, but to live in. The Land Year of School Leavers was introduced. A new type of school was the National Political Educational Institute , which grew out of former cadet schools. The Musisches Gymnasium was newly created in Frankfurt am Main in 1939 .

The Amt K (= physical education ), which was headed by Carl Krümmel , who, as Munich's former German long-distance champion, advocated endurance-oriented cross-country sport, played a special role . In order to make the male youth as fast as greyhounds, as hard as Kruppstahl ( Adolf Hitler ), the number of sports lessons was increased in all school forms and the content was more geared towards sport and less towards gymnastics. Religious instruction, on the other hand, was increasingly dismantled and the corresponding teacher training abolished.

Until 1938, only individual decrees were drawn up that were intended to de-democratize the Weimar school system, such as the creation of new subjects (genetics and race studies January 15, 1935 or aviation care November 17, 1934) and school books, until 1938 a completely new system was drafted However, implementation was delayed during the war.

With the new guidelines for education and instruction in secondary schools , the traditional grammar school was pushed back in favor of a desirable secondary school; Realgymnasien and Oberrealschulen were uniformly referred to as "Oberschule" from 1937 onwards. At the end of November 1936, Reich Education Minister Bernhard Rust ordered the schooling period to be shortened from 13 to 12 years: the implementation of the four-year plan and the need for young people in the Wehrmacht and academic professions require that schooling for higher-level students be reduced from 13 to 12 years as early as Easter 1937 from perform. The lower primans (12th grade) therefore passed their matriculation examination as early as March 1937, while the upper primans (13th grade) left high school without a written examination in 1937. From Easter 1940, the “ Notabitur ” was also introduced at girls' schools after the 12th grade.

After Austria's annexation in 1938, the National Socialists established a secondary school for talented elementary school students based on the Austrian model and parallel to the German elementary school. Reich Education Minister Bernhard Rust informed the press at the time that the secondary school, which originated in old Austria, would be introduced throughout the Reich and linked to the first four years of the middle school in the old Reich.

The only four-class “new” secondary school was ultimately supposed to replace the six-year middle school, it was also called the “citizen school” and prepared for skilled trades. The Reich Compulsory Education Act of 1938 was then decisively amended on May 16, 1941. Section II (compulsory primary school) was followed by the new section III (compulsory secondary school): Compulsory primary school lasts eight years. ... Children of primary school age who meet the requirements for admission to secondary school are required to attend secondary school.

After four years at elementary school , girls and boys were separated so that the girls could be brought up to be “ German mothers ”, i.e. mainly home economics , and boys to be “German warriors”, i.e. primarily German studies and “war-relevant” natural sciences . In addition, new school books and teaching materials were allowed and many others were banned (see “ Education under National Socialism ”).

German normal script from 01091941.jpg

Another decree from 1941 concerned the standardization of cursive script in all German schools.

literature

  • Reinhard Dithmar (Hrsg.): School and instruction in the Third Reich. Luchterhand, Neuwied 1989, ISBN 3-472-54049-4 .
  • Eva Matthes : Humanities education after the Nazi era. Political and educational attempts at processing Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 1998, ISBN 3-7815-0926-5 (At the same time: Erlangen - Nuremberg, University, habilitation paper, 1997).
  • Martin Kipp , Gisela Miller-Kipp: Explorations in the semi-darkness. Twenty-one studies on vocational education and pedagogy under National Socialism. 2nd Edition. Publisher of the Society for the Promotion of Work- Oriented Research and Education, Frankfurt am Main 1995, ISBN 3-925070-14-1 .
  • Anne C. Nagel : Hitler's educational reformer. The Reich Ministry for Science, Education and National Education 1934–1945 (= Fischer. 19425). Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2012, ISBN 978-3-59-619425-4 .
  • Andreas Nachama (Ed.): Wilhelmstrasse 1933–1945. The rise and fall of the Nazi government district. Topography of Terror Foundation, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-941772-10-6 , p. 136 ff.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Monument Wilhelmstrasse 60 at the corner of Behrenstrasse
  2. ^ Reich Ministry for Science, Education and National Education. In: Officials of National Socialist Ministries. Retrieved August 12, 2019 .
  3. ^ Horst Ueberhorst : Carl Krümmel and the National Socialist physical education. Bartels and Wernitz, Berlin 1976, ISBN 3-87039-976-7 . (Gymnastics and sports guide in the Third Reich; Volume 4)
  4. ^ Arnd Krüger : Breeding, Rearing and Preparing the Aryan Body: Creating the Complete Superman the Nazi Way , in: International Journal History Sport 16 (1999), 2, pp. 42-68
  5. ↑ Announcement No. 643: Passing the secondary school leaving examination , decree of the Reich and Prussian Minister for Science, Education and National Education of November 30, 1936 - E III a 2251 M -, in: Deutsche Wissenschaft, Erziehungs und Volksbildung, Amtlicher Part, RMinAmtsblDtschWiss. 1936 p. 525 ; also in: Christa Berg and Dieter Langewiesche: Handbuch der deutschen Bildungsgeschichte , Volume 5, CH Beck-Verlag, Munich, 1989 p. 189
  6. ↑ Circular decree of the Reich and Prussian Minister for Science, Education and Public Education (RMfWEV) of June 13, 1942, No. 336 Introduction of the secondary school in the old Reich territories - E II d 111/42 II (a) -, German science, education and Volksbildung, official part, DeutschWissErziehgVolksbildg. 1942 p. 231 ff.
  7. ^ Günter Höffken: On the institutionalization and development of the middle school in Prussia from 1872 to 1945 with special consideration of chemistry lessons Publication server of the University of Potsdam (dissertation Univ. Potsdam) 2006; Opus.kobv.de: The "new" secondary school under National Socialism
  8. ↑ Zum.de: The influence of parental home, school and workplace on young people
  9. ↑ http://www.suetterlinstube-hamburg.de/geschichte.php German script