Rewa Kantha Agency
The Rewa Kantha Agency were an administrative grouping created in 1821-26 of Indian princely states , including six larger and 55 miniature states , at the time of British colonial rule . In the south it bordered the Mewas , part of the Khandesh district . The total area was 12,877 km². The geographical location was between 21 ° 23 'and 23 ° 33' N and 73 ° 3 'and 74 ° 20' East. The agency later became part of the Western India States Agency .
history
Most of the principalities that were included in this agency came under British control as a result of the Third Mahrath War . The British committed themselves in several protectorate treaties to protect the princes. These were the Walker Settlement 1807-8 (Kathiawar), the Mahi Kantha Settlement 1811-12, the Rewa Kantha Settlement 1812-14 and the Treaties of Palanpur (1813) and Rhadanpur (1820).
A large part of the population were members of tribal peoples , so-called tribals , mostly belonging to the peoples of the Bhil and Koli . The entire region was badly affected by the famines of 1896–8 and 1899–1902; individual districts had population declines of 40–60%. The first census carried out according to modern principles in 1901 showed 479,065 inhabitants.
The landscape is hilly, becoming flatter towards the south. The soil is generally fertile and allows two harvests a year. The main rivers are Narbadā and Mahī.
After India's independence, the area became part of the state of Bombay under the provisions of the States Reorganization Act and has belonged to Gujarat since 1960 .
organization
The responsible British colonial official ( agent ) resided in Godhra and was also responsible for collecting taxes in the Panch Mahals district. The Agency was under the government of the Bombay Presidency. The most important state was Rajpipla , the "2nd class states" were Bālāsinor, Chhota Udaipur, Bariya, Sunth, Lūnāvāda, and Balaimor. Their rulers had the right of blood jurisdiction over their subjects. At the official residence of the residents, with him as chairman, there was a court of session as a higher court.
The tributes were enshrined in treaties 1822-26. With the exception of three, all the little lands were tributary to the Gaekwar (G) of Baroda , and often also to the British (B). By 1842, the administrative responsibilities were changed several times. In that year the position of political agent was restored and the powers of princes as judges were divided into different classes. The claims of many chiefs (owners) to a share of the income from villages outside their territories were in many ways intertwined - either under inheritance law or for debt servicing. The Panch Mahals were initially subordinated to the British administration for ten years by the Scindia , which finally got direct rule in the context of an exchange of territory in 1862. Two years later, this district was separated from the Agency as a separate unit (in 1876 its own district). In 1868 the Naikda rebellion , who had rebelled as early as 1838, led by Joria Bhagat , who tried to establish a state of God ( dharma-raj ). The real rebellion was organized by Rupsing Gobar , who founded a "Naikda Kingdom" (only partially in the Agency) and raised taxes.
The rest divided into the Sankheda Mehwās (21 ° 49 'to 22 ° 5' N, 73 ° to 74 ° 10 'E; approx. 800 km², 27 domains). The local Rajput families migrated to the difficult to access region at the time of the threat to Pāvāgad (1482-84) by the troops of Mahmud Begada of the Sultanate of Gujarat . The lords of Vajiria, Agar, Uchād and Jirāl converted to Islam.
The 26 domains of the Pāndu Mehwās formed an approximately 80 km long strip with 355 km², following the course of the Māhi . Of the 1872 41,618 inhabitants who lived in 154 villages, over 96% were Hindus. Seven of the little lands were under indigenous chiefs from the Koli people and were each managed by several owners with equal rights. Dorka, Raika and Anghad were also summarized as Dorka Mehās . The Koli have been active as robbers since ancient times and raided the neighborhoods. Protection treaties with the British were concluded in 1812-25. A chief's recognition depended on whether or not he paid tribute (usually to Baroda).
| country | Population (thousand) | Area (km²) | Tax revenue 1903/04 ( Rs. ) (Tribute) |
Ruler titles , notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agar | 1901: 1.4 | 43 | 10700 (143 G) | Thākur . Loss of territory in the 19th century to younger sons of the Lords of Vanmāla and Sindiapura and through pledging to Virpur. |
| Alwa (= Alva) | 1901: 0.8 | 13 | 5577 (52) | Thākur |
| Amrāpur | 1901: 0.251 | 5 | 434 (155 G) | 4 owners, probably split off from Sihora, whose territory it divides. |
| Anghat | 1901: 2.2 | 11 | 5181 (1433 G) | 6 owners (Koli). After the Sepoy uprising, the village was forcibly relocated to more open terrain, as the residents had shown themselves to be extremely combative. |
| Bālāsinor (= Vādāsinor) | 1891: 46 | approx. 487 | 1870s: 40000 | Nawab Babi |
| Bampur | 7th | 1875: 4100 (1422 G) | ||
| Bāriya (= Baria) | 1901: 81.5 | 2100 | 1870: 75000, 1903: 200000 | Raja Maharawal |
| Bhādavar | 1891: 9.2, 1901: 8.7 | 70 | 35600 (14300 G) | Raja. The formerly larger rule had to give up territories to the Muslim and Mahratian conquerors. Many of the remaining 33 villages were mortgaged because of debts. |
| Bhilodia Chhatrasinghji | 1901: 0.732 | 11.5 | 5699 (933 G) | |
| Bhilodia Motisinghji | 1901: 0.789 | 11.5 | 8866 (933 G) | |
| Bihora | 1901: 0.159 | <2 | 1643 (39 G) | Thākur. Breakaway from Vajiria. |
| Chhāliar | 1901: 2 | approx. 20 | 7562 (2616 G) | Rawal. Old domain of Chohān-Rajputs with 24 villages and hamlets in 1880. Rājpar and Vakhtāpur are junctions of younger lines. |
| Chorāngla | 1891: 1.3 | 10 | 5029 (73 G) | Rawal. 1882 still 41 km² with 17 villages divided by 6 owners: Chorāngla with 8 villages, Deroli 1 village, Sarsauda 3 villages, Vardle and Timbi 2 villages each and the village of Ghelpur as an exclave. |
| Chudessar | 1901: 1.4 | 4.1 | 2695 (239 G) | In 1875 the four villages were under 2 chiefs and 14 other sub-owners. |
| Chhota Udaipur | 1891: 71, 1941: 145 | 2252 | 1904: 215391 (7806 G), 1941: 1.1 million | Raja Maharawal |
| Devalia | (no tribute) | |||
| Dhāri | 1901: 0.82 | 9.7 | 2121 (731 G) | 6 owners of 7 villages. |
| Dorka | 1901: 0.9 | 7.5 | 4703 (850 G) | On the Mahi between Bhādavar and Raika. |
| Dudhpur | 1901: 0.11 | 4.5 | 679 (27 G) | Thākur |
| Gad Boriad (= Garh) | 1901: 3 | approx. 330-40 | 9377 (365 at Chotta Udaipur) |
Thākur |
| Gotardi | 1901: 0.23 | 3 (1 village) | 478 (327 G) | 1 village, 3 hamlets. 4 Koli Chiefs. |
| Itwad (= Itvād) | 1901: 0.84 | 15.5 | 1152 (462 G) | 4 owners for 11 villages. |
| Jesar | 1901: 0.313 | <4 | 433 (116 G) | 4 owners. |
| Jiral Kāmsoli | 1901: 0.67 | 13 | 4852 (256 G) | 3 owners. |
| Jumkha | 1901: 0.145 | <2.5 (1 village) | 335 (39 G) | (Chief without title), at the confluence of the Karad and Goma, probably split from Sihora |
| Kadana | 1901: 9.6 | 335 | 18683 (0) | |
| Kāmsoli | 15½ | 1875: 8795 (400 G) | Dominion divided into four: Moti, Nhani, Jiral and Alwa, the latter about half of the total area but with Rs 67 the lowest tribute. | |
| Kanora | 1901: 884 | <10 | 1582 (1232 G) | 8 owners, 7 villages, probably split from Sihora |
| Kasla Pagi and Moka Pakina Muvāda | 1901: 0.041 (!) | <2.5 | 159 (50 G) | 2 villages with 5 or 2 owners |
| Lunawara (= Lūnāvāda) | 1891: 76, 1901: 64, 1941: 95 | 1001 | 178701 (5001 G, 9231 B) | Maharana |
| Litter Gothda (= Gothra) | 1901: 0.416 | 3 (1 village) | 654 (155 G) | Chief. 2 villages with 5 resp. 2 owners. |
| Māndwa | 1901: 4.9 | 18 (42.5) | 32533 (1704 G) | Rana. Several times under compulsory administration due to over-indebtedness, capital at the confluence of the Narmada and Orsang, an important pilgrimage site. |
| Mevali | 1901: 0.9 | 13 | 1603 (1155 G) | Koli chiefs. 1 village, 4 hamlets. |
| Mokha Pagina Muvāda | 1901: 0.096 | <2.5 | 445 (1 / head G) | |
| Nāngām | 1901: 0.367 | 7th | 1834 (995 G) | |
| Nalia | 1901: 0.056 | <2.5 | 270 (28 G) | 2 owners. |
| Nara (= Nārhāra) | 1901: 0.28 | 7th | 96 (19 G) | Two parts, shared by Jumkha, 2 owners, 5 villages. |
| Nārukot | 1882: 6.4; 1901: 5.6 | 369 | 15049 (32 G) | Chief ( Koli ) |
| Naswadi | 1875: 12000 (1231 G) | Thākur. On both banks of the Aswan . | ||
| Palāsni | 1901: 0.85, 1931: 2.7 | 31 | 4303 (1639 G); 1940: 35000 | Thākur |
| Pantlavdi a) Akbar Khān, b) Kesai Khān |
1901: a) 0.18, b) 0.22 | 6¼ each (3 villages each) | a) 2544 (127 to Rajpipla) b) 2213 (43 to Rajpipla) |
Khan |
| Pāndu (Mehwas) | 1901: 1.15 | 23 | 5798 (3762 G) | 2 chiefs and nine sub-owners who were Muslim. |
| Poicha | 1901: 0.74 | <10 | 2163 (1155 G) | Five hamlets on the Māhi between Kanora and Bhādavar, 6 owners. |
| Raika | 1901: 0.48 | 8th | 3609 (443 G) | |
| Rājpar | 1901: 0.08 | <4 | 487 (39 G) | |
| Rājpīpla | 1872: 120, 1881: 114, 1891 and 1901: 171, 1941: 206 | 3914 | 876,000 (50001 G); 1941: approx. 250,000 | Raja |
| Rāmpura | 1891: 0.7 1901: 1.45 | 11.6 | 3556 (1094 G) | Thākur. Split from Bhilodia. |
| Regan | 1901: 262 | approx. 10 | 976 (355 G) | 3 owners. At the Narbada. |
| Rājpar | 1901: 0.08 | <4 | 487 (39 G) | |
| Sanjeli | 1891: 3.7; 1901: 2.7 | 87 | 13326 (5384 B) | Thākur |
| Shanor (= Sanor) | 1901: 1.2; 1941: 2.25 | 29.5 | 1903: 11819 (1214 G); 1940: 30191 | Rana (with lower jurisdiction), 6 villages, younger line of the Lords of Māndwa. |
| Sihora | 1901: 2.6; 1941: 5 | 1901: 40, 1940: 50 | 16719 (3693 G); 1940: 40000 | Thākur. Divided into two parts, 25 villages, main town at the confluence of the Mesri and Māhā. |
| Sindiapura | 1901: 0.483 | approx. 10 | 2866 (44 G) | Thākur |
| Sunth | 1901: 59 | 1016 | 1872: 22000 (6108 B); 1903: 109000 (5384 B) | Raja |
| Uchad | approx. 10 | 1875: 9000 (883 G) | In the 19th century territorial losses through pledging, in 1880 still 22 km², of which Virampur was split off. | |
| Umeta | 1901: 3.8 | 94 | 36132 (3846 G, 2402 B) | Thākur. Two parts of the country: Kaira with 5 villages, Petlād with 7th ruler a Parihār- Rajpute who fled to the area in 1498 and lost his caste. Enfeoffed with eight villages after he killed the chief of Bilpār. A descendant helped the chief of Umeta against robbers in 1694 and received 4 villages. 1751 division between the Peshwar and the Gaekwar, both of which pay tribute. Since 1822 tributes to the British who pass them on to Baroda. |
| Vadia Virampur | 1901: 0.096 | <2.5 | 890 (79 G) | |
| Vajiria | 1901: 3.1 | 54 | 29962 (2352 G) | Thākur |
| Vakhtāpur | 1880: 500 (151 G) | <4 | Secession from Chhāliar, on the north bank of the Mesri. 2 owners. | |
| Vanmāla | ||||
| Varnol Māl | 1901: 0.42 | <9 | 1094 (65 G) | Five villages, between Mewali and Sihora, probably split off from this one. |
| Varnoli Moti | 1901: 0.168 | <5 | 409 (78 G) | Chief |
| Varnoli Nāni | 1901: 0.074 | <2.5 | 346 (19 G) | Chief |
| Vāsan Sewada | 101: 0.765 | 32¼ | 4710 (885 G) | Thākur |
| Vāsan Virpur | 1901: 2.185 | 32 | 18798 (332 G) | Thākur. Originally two villages. Territory gains in the 1820s under robber chief Bāji Dāima. After confirmation of this, the ruler was able to enlarge his lands through money-lending transactions at the expense of Uchād, Rājpipla and Agar. |
| Vora (= Vohora) | 1901: 1.06 | approx 8 | 6632 (605 G) | Thākur |
| Zumkha (= Zamkha) | <2 | (51 G) | Chief |
The controversial between Baroda and Chhota Udaipur sub-divisions Vāsna with 34 villages and Jhābugām with 8 villages were administered by the British for both in 1865-73. Then Vāsna was given to Baroda and Jhābugām Chhota Udaipur. The controversial place of pilgrimage Chānod between Māndva and Baroda was added to Māndva, but the Gaekwar retained jurisdiction.
literature
- Imperial Gazetteer Of India. Oxford 1908 ( full text of the index ; tabular overview in Vol. XXI, p. 289).
- Historical Sketch of the Natve States of India. 1875, p. 374ff.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Tribals were not counted everywhere before. see. FC Danvers; A Review of Indian Statistics; Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 64, No. 1 (Mar., 1901), pp. 31-72
- ↑ Aitchison, CU ; A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds relating to India and neighboring countries; Calcutta 1876, Vol .: IV "Bombay Presidency" pp. 260-2
- ^ Downcast by James Outram , then agent for Mahi Kantha. Campbell, James; Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Bombay 1880, Vol. VI, pp. 62f.
- ↑ according to corresponding position in the Imperial Gazetteer ...; Oxford 1908
- ↑ 1891 census, or 1901. acc. various volumes of the Imperial Gazetteer
- ↑ Conversion factor 2.58 per mile². According to Golden Book, 1893, not always reliable due to a lack of sufficient cadastral data
- ↑ B = to the British, G = to the Maharaja of Baroda
- ↑ according to the Golden Book of India; 1893
- ↑ not to be confused with the dwarf state of the same name on the Kathiawar peninsula
- ↑ not to be confused with the town of the same name in Baroda
- ↑ a b British Protectorate 1819, initially to the Mahi Kantha Agency
- ↑ domination of the pilgrimage Chandod together with the Gaekwar
- ↑ not to be confused with the place of the same name in Kashmir
- ↑ Bombay Gazetteer (1880), Vol. VI, p. 63
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