Italian train

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Emperor Heinrichs Romfahrt : Heinrich VII. Crosses Mont Cenis in October 1310. Illustrated chronicle of Elector Baldwin of Trier , Trier around 1340. (Koblenz, State Main Archives, inventory 1 C 1, fol. 7)

In historical research, the military expeditions of the Frankish and later the Roman-German kings and emperors to Italy are referred to as the Italian train (often also called the Romfahrt or Romzug ) . These ventures could lead to a stay of several years in imperial Italy . The aim of the first move of a ruler was usually the coronation of emperors by the Pope in Rome (hence the name Romfahrt or Romzug). This was partly preceded by the coronation as King of Italy .

In addition, the Italian trains served to secure imperial rule , safeguard imperial legal claims and use the considerable financial resources that the imperial Italian municipalities had at their disposal. Due to the high economic power of Imperial Italy, the income to be achieved there was much higher than in the northern part of the German Empire . Not infrequently the features were marked by armed conflicts between the king or emperor on the one hand and Italian cities or princes on the other (see also Ghibellines and Guelphs ).

However, imperial rule in imperial Italy was relatively weak during the Middle Ages , as the Roman-German emperors did not have an adequate administrative structure and the effective exercise of imperial claims against the communes required the presence of the emperor. The resulting personal presence of the ruler led to an increased number of notarizations for Italian recipients. Formally, the Archbishop of Cologne held the dignity of Arch Chancellor for Italy , but the office lost its political importance in the 13th century.

According to Marie-Luise Favreau-Lilie's thesis, the 15th century saw a structural change in the character of the trains in Rome. They lost their strong military orientation. More recent research no longer inquires in a one-sided north-south direction about the influences of the rulers in Italy, but the actions of the East Franconian-German kings and emperors appear “as the result of a complex interplay of forces in which the rulers each subordinate only one actor many were ”.

From the duty of the imperial estates to military service as vassals the forwards Romans month from which the troops be parked contingent and it applied Sold as in the Reichsmatrikeln held basis for calculating taxes in the Holy Roman Empire certain.

literature

  • Martin Berg: The Italian procession of Ludwig of Bavaria. The itinerary for the years 1327–1330. In: Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries . 67, 1987, pp. 142–197 ( digitized version )
  • William M. Bowsky: Henry VII in Italy. The Conflict of Empire and City-State. Lincoln, Nebraska 1960.
  • Marie-Luise Favreau-Lilie: From war cries to dance music. Notes on the Italian trains of the later Middle Ages. Jonathan Riley-Smith, Rudolf Hiestand, Benjamin Z. Kedar (Eds.): Montjoie. Studies in Crusade History in Honor of Hans Eberhard Mayer. Variorum, Aldershot et al. 1997, ISBN 0-86078-646-3 , pp. 213-233.
  • Christian Jörg: Italian experience, Romzug and career path. On the change of the Trier notary Rudolf Rule von Friedberg (approx. 1320-1367) to the service of Charles IV. In: Sigrid Hirbodian, Christian Jörg, Sabine Klapp, Jörg R. Müller (eds.): Pro multis beneficiis. Festschrift for Friedhelm Burgard. Research on the history of the Jews and the Trier area (= Trier historical research. Vol. 68). Kliomedia, Trier 2012, pp. 369–385.
  • Christian Jörg, Christoph Dartmann (Eds.): The "Train Over Mountains" during the Middle Ages. New perspectives on researching medieval trains in Rome (= Trier contributions to historical cultural studies. Vol. 15). Reichert, Wiesbaden 2014, ISBN 978-3-95490-020-6 .
  • Michel Margue, Michel Pauly , Wolfgang Schmid (eds.): The way to the imperial crown. Henry VII's move to Rome portrayed by Archbishop Baldwin of Trier. Kliomedia, Trier 2009, ISBN 978-3-89890-129-1 .
  • Ferdinand Opll : YTALICA EXPEDITIO. The Italian moves and the importance of Upper Italy for the empire at the time of Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa (1152–1190). In: Germany and Italy at the time of the Staufer (= writings on Staufer history and art. Vol. 22). Society for Staufer History, Göppingen 2002, ISBN 3-929776-14-6 , ISBN 3-929776-14-6 , pp. 93-135.
  • Roland Pauler : The German kings and Italy in the 14th century. From Heinrich VII. To Karl IV. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1997, ISBN 3-534-13148-7 .
  • Ellen Widder : Itinerary and Politics. Studies on Charles IV's travel rule south of the Alps (= research on the history of the emperors and popes in the Middle Ages. Vol. 10). Böhlau, Cologne a. a. 1993, ISBN 3-412-06592-7 (also: Münster (Westphalia), University, dissertation, 1986).

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Marie-Luise Favreau-Lilie: From war cries to dance music. Notes on the Italian trains of the later Middle Ages. In: Jonathan Riley-Smith, Rudolf Hiestand, Benjamin Z. Kedar (eds.): Montjoie. Studies in Crusade History in Honor of Hans Eberhard Mayer. Aldershot et al. 1997, pp. 213-233.
  2. ↑ See also Christoph Dartmann, Christian Jörg: The "Train over Mountains" during the Middle Ages. For the introduction. In this. (Ed.): The "Train Over Mountains" during the Middle Ages. New perspectives on the exploration of medieval trains in Rome. Wiesbaden 2014, pp. 3–17, here: p. 7.