Blood-red leather blubber

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Blood-red leather blubber
Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Blood-red leather blubber
Scientific name
Russula rubroalba
( Singer ) Romagn.

The blood-red leather-deaf or red-white deaf ( Russula rubroalba ) is a fungus from the family of the deaf relatives . It is a medium to large, fairly firm-fleshed blubber with a bright red or reddish hat. When ripe, the lamellae are ocher yellow like the spores. The white, more or less invariable meat tastes mild and has a faint, slightly fruity smell. The cap skin contains Pileocystiden , but no encrusted elements, the spores are more or less ornamented. The very rare Täubling occurs in various deciduous forests and mostly forms a symbiotic partnership with the beech . The species rank of this deafblings is controversial. Many authors see it as just a red-capped form of the white-stemmed leather blubber . According to Romagnesi , the mushroom is very similar to the gold deafbling .

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 5–8, rarely up to 10 cm wide. The hats of young fruiting bodies are hemispherical, then arched to flattened and later somewhat depressed and bifurcated or depressed in the middle. The hat skin is smooth, dull and beautifully purple to vermilion in color. In the middle, the hat is often lighter, sometimes almost whitish, or blotchy. The edge of the hat is smooth and the hat skin has grown and can only be removed a little.

The rather thick, brittle lamellae are white when young and later turn increasingly yellow ocher. They are bulging on the stem and forked in number. The blade edges are smooth. The spore powder is an intense yolk yellow ( IVd-e according to Romagnesi ).

The white, cylindrical stem, often narrowing towards the base of the stem, is 4–8 (9) cm long and 1.2–2 cm thick. With age it becomes almost brownish at the base. The stem is full when young and later often becomes hollow and hollow. The stem bark is fine to strong longitudinal veins.

The meat is white and turns more or less grayish after cutting. It smells faintly fruity and tastes mild. With FeSO 4 the meat turns orange- pink and with guaiac slowly light green. Phenol, on the other hand, causes a brown-red discoloration of the meat.

Microscopic features

The rounded spores are 6.7–9.0 µm long and 5.7–7.6 µm wide. The burr and sometimes network-like connected warts are up to 0.5 µm high. According to Bon , the spore ornament can also be almost completely reticulated, with some pointed-thorn warts being interspersed. The basidia are club-shaped, 45–53 µm long and 10–12 µm wide and have 2 or 4 sterigms . The numerous, 35–90 µm long and 6–12 µm wide cheilocystids are spindle-shaped to club-shaped and have no appendages at their tips. The pleurocystids are similar. They are 50–95 µm long and 9–11 µm wide, but not as numerous. All cystides turn a pale grayish color in sulfobenzaldehyde.

The slender, 2-4 µm wide hyphae cells of the cap skin are cylindrical, partially branched and taper towards the tip. They are septated once or twice, that is, divided by transverse walls. Between the hair-like hyphae cells lie the cylindrical to slightly clubbed, not or only simply septate 3–5 µm wide Pileocystiden , which can also be stained with sulfobenzaldehyde. With sulfovanillin, they hardly stain and can easily be overlooked.

Species delimitation

The Gold-Täubling , the Short-Stalked Leather-Täubling and the White-Stalked Leather-Täubling can look very similar. The following features help to distinguish the species:

  • The Gold-Täubling has lively lemon-yellow colored flesh, which is not found in the blood-red leather-Täubling. In addition, there are no pileocystids found in his cap skin. However, these can easily be overlooked in the Blood Red Leather Täubling, especially if sulfovanillin is used as a detection reagent.
  • The short-stemmed leather blubber has a more wine-red to purple-red colored hat and spurs with isolated warts. In addition, its stem is usually shorter and its spore powder is lighter in color.
  • The white-stemmed leather blubber has a more purple and sometimes greenish hat and usually appears later. Its flesh is softer and the hat skin is easy to remove. It also has more rounded spores with a Q value (spore length / spore width) of no more than 1.2. In addition, its spore ornamentation is lower and the Pileocystiden are at most 5 µm wide.

ecology

The blood-red leather-deaf fungus is a mycorrhizal fungus, which in Germany mostly forms a symbiosis with beeches , and more rarely with oaks . In France and Switzerland, the deaf can also be found under chestnuts .

The Täubling can be found sociable in warmer beech or oak-hornbeam forests. It seems to have a preference for lime-rich soils, but is also found on neutral to slightly acidic soils. But it has also been found on acidic clay soils and over slate. The fruiting bodies appear mostly in summer, mainly in July and August, in France and Switzerland, probably a little earlier.

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the blood-red leather blubber.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The blood-red leather blubber is a very rare, purely European species that is more common in southern and southwestern Europe.

    The Täubling is very rare in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.

    Systematics

    The very rare Täubling was described by R. Singer in 1932 as a red color variant of the white-stemmed leather Täubling. In fact, it looks very similar to this deaf bird with its brittle, orange-yellow lamellae when ripe and the pure white stem. Romagnesi then described it as an independent species in 1967. A number of authors do not approve of the Täubling, but see it, like Singer, as a mere form of the white-stemmed leather Täubling. It is likely that the species is often misinterpreted.

    Inquiry systematics

    At section Polychoromae subsection Integrinae (Romagnesi) at Bon in subsection Laeticolorinae , the subsection contains species with almost invariable flesh and reddish or red colored hats, the cap skin contains pileocystides but no encrusted elements.

    Varieties

    • Russula rubroalba var. Albocretacea Sarnari (1992)
    The hat is completely faded ivory-white. The variety is considered to be the albino form of the blood-red leather blubber. But in all other properties it is completely identical to the species.

    meaning

    The blood-red leather blubber is in principle edible, but should not be collected due to its rarity.

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ Synonyms of Russula rubroalba. Index Fungorum, accessed November 11, 2011 .
    2. ↑ a b c d Russula rubroalba. (PDF (1.4 MB)) Monographic Key to European Russulas (1988). In: The Russulales website w3.uwyo.edu. P. 68 , archived from the original on July 28, 2010 ; Retrieved November 10, 2011 (English, translation by M. Bon's Russula key).
    3. ↑ a b c d e f Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 197.
    4. ^ A b Alfred Einhellinger: The genus Russula in Bavaria . In: Bibliotheca Mycologica . 3. Edition. tape 112 . Berlin / Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-443-59056-X , p. 170, 297, 304 .
    5. ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Russula rubroalba. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved September 30, 2012 .
    6. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 296 ( online [accessed August 31, 2011]).
    7. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula rubroalba. In: data.gbif.org. Retrieved August 21, 2011 .
    8. ↑ Mirca Zotti include: The macrofungal checklist of Liguria (Italy) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 105 , 2008, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 167–170 ( online (PDF; 351 kB) [accessed on August 31, 2011]).
    9. ↑ a b Distribution Atlas of Fungi in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved November 10, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch
    10. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed November 10, 2011 .
    11. ^ Rolf Singer: Monograph of the genus Russula . In: A. Pascher (Ed.): Supplements to the Botanisches Centralblatt . tape 49 , 1932, pp. 254 ( online ).
    12. ^ Henri Romagnesi: Les Russules d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord . essai sur la valeur taxinomique et specifique des caractères morphologiques et microchimiques des spores et des revêtements. Bordas, Paris 1967, p. 780 (French, online ).
    13. ↑ Russula rubroalba. (DOC) Russulas. Micologia.biz Web de micología Europea, p. 153 , accessed on November 10, 2011 (Spanish).

    Web links

    Commons : Blood-Red Leather-Deadening ( Russula rubroalba )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
    • Russula rubroalba. In: Russula database. CBS Fungal Biodiversity Center, accessed November 11, 2011 .
    • Russula rubroalba. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on June 2, 2014 (in Italian, photos from the Blutroten Leder-Täubling).