Ruthenians (Habsburg Monarchy)

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Language map of Austria-Hungary ("Ruthenen" light green)

From the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century in the Habsburg Monarchy, Ruthenians were the common name for the Eastern Slavs of the empire, the Ukrainians and - their subgroups or closely related peoples - Russians and their subgroups Lemken , Bojken , Hutsulen .

The name comes from Rutheni , the Latinized form of Rus , Rusyn, Ruscia, Russia or Ruzzia , the old names of the Eastern Slavs. No distinction was made between Ukrainians and the other East Slavic (sub) ethnic groups . Ruthenians settled in the eastern part of Galicia , in the northern part of Bukovina and in the Hungarian Carpathian Ukraine . At the same time the terms “Ukrainians” and “Little Russians” were in use. Those who described themselves as “Ukrainians” made it clear that they felt they belonged to their own people, different from Russians and Poles . The term "Ruthene", however, left political conclusions open.

Only in the course of the First World War made some efforts in the administration to replace the designation Ruthenian and Ruthenian with Ukrainian and Ukrainian.

In Poland , the nomenclature was officially changed from Ruthenian to Ukrainian only in 1928 . This also influenced the Russian groups, even the Lemken, who after the First World War, especially in western Lemkenland, only very rarely referred to themselves as Ukrainians.

literature

• Wolfdieter Bihl : The Ruthenians. In: Adam Wandruszka, Walter Urbanitsch (ed.): The Habsburg Monarchy 1848–1918. Volume 3: The Peoples of the Empire. 1st subband. Vienna 1980, ISBN 3-7001-0217-8 , pp. 555-584.
• Ruthenians . In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 4th edition. Volume 14, Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1885–1892, p. 104.

Web links

• Ruthenians . In: Encyclopedia of Ukraine

Individual evidence

1. ^ Distribution of Races in Austria-Hungary . In: William R. Shepherd : Historical Atlas . New York 1911.
2. ^ Andreas Kappeler: Brief history of the Ukraine . Verlag Beck, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-406-45971-4 , p. 21 f. Ricarda Vulpius: Nationalization of Religion. Russification Policy and Ukrainian Nation-Building 1860–1920 . Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-447-05275-9 , p. 34.
3. ↑ Klaus Bachmann: "A stove of enmity against Russia" - Galicia as a hot spot in the relations of the Danube monarchy with Russia (1907-1914). Verlag für Geschichte u. Politics, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-7028-0374-2 , p. 25.
4. ↑ Ernst Rutkowski: The Imperial and Royal Ukrainian Legion 1914–1918 (=  Austrian military historical research, Volume 9/10), Holzhausen, Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-85493-166-9 , p. 13.
5. ↑ Magdalena Palka: The forgotten people of the Lemken. An ethnic minority in search of their identity. Vienna 2012 ( online ).