Sack brothers

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The sack brothers ( Fratres saccati; it . : Sacchetti or "Fratres de Poenitentia Jesu Christi" ; de .: Penitential brothers of Jesus Christ ) were a mendicant order in the 13th century .

history

The religious order was founded in the Provencal Hyères ( France ) in the late 1240s by Raimund Attanulfi after the Franciscans rejected him. One of his first confreres was Bertrandus de Manara (d'Almanarre). Both were under the influence of the preacher Hugo von Digne . Along the lines of the Dominican Order built the Order was initially only to Provence limited. In the 1270s he already owned more than 100 convents . As a result of its success, the curia made the order third among the mendicant orders. In 1274 the order was repealed due to the Second Council of Lyon . The members switched to other mendicant orders as sack brothers, others also changed their religious affiliation. The order of the sack brothers was also seen by numerous spirituals as the Ordo novus called by Joachim von Fiore .

The founder

Raimund Attanulfi came from a noble family residing in Hyères and grew up in a circle of notaries , judges and doctors . Attanulfi made his first contacts with a religious community with the Minorites and entered the novitiate with them , but he was not accepted and left the community. He then tried, after he was rejected by the Franciscans, to build up a religious life in Maurettes near Hyères on Mont Fenouillet . After the founding of the order, communities in Aix-en-Provence , Montpellier and Tarascon followed his example . The first general chapter was held in Marseille in 1251 and consisted of thirteen convents. In the middle of the 13th century the order expanded by leaps and bounds from the south of France to Spain , Italy , England and Germany . At the first general chapter, Attanulfi renounced the office of superior general and instead took over the priory in Montpellier. After several involuntary changes at the head of the order, Attanulfi was elected superior in the year 1258 and was replaced by Fratres Juvenis at the beginning of the 1260s.

literature

  • Frances Andrews: The Other Friars. The Carmelite, Augustinian, Sack and Pied Friars in the Middle Ages . Boydell & Brewer, Woodbridge 2006, ISBN 1-8438-3258-5 .
  • Kaspar Elm : Spread, effectiveness and end of the Provençal sack brothers (Fratres de poenitentia Jesu Christi) in Germany and the Netherlands. A contribution to the curial and conciliar order politics of the 13th century. In: German Historical Institute in Paris (ed.): Francia. Research on Western European History. Volume 1, 1973, pp. 257-324 ( digitized version ).
  • Kaspar Elm: bag brothers . In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages (LexMA). Volume 7, LexMA-Verlag, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-7608-8907-7 , Sp. 1244.
  • Ingeborg Kugel: All about Liebfrauen. The sacred architecture of Triers in the 13th / 14th centuries Century with special consideration of the mendicant churches . Dissertation University of Trier 2008, pp. 36–39 ( digitized version ).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Frances Andrews: The Other Friars. The Carmelite, Augustinian, Sack and Pied Friars in the Middle Ages . Boydell & Brewer, Woodbridge 2006, p. 176.
  2. ↑ Kaspar Elm: Expansion, effectiveness and end of the Provençal sack brothers (Fratres de poenitentia Jesu Christi) in Germany and the Netherlands. A contribution to the curial and conciliar order politics of the 13th century. In: German Historical Institute in Paris (ed.): Francia. Research on Western European History. Volume 1, 1973, pp. 257-324, here p. 282.
  3. ↑ a b Kaspar Elm: Sack Brothers . In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages (LexMA). Volume 7, LexMA-Verlag, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-7608-8907-7 , Sp. 1244.