Salzmünder culture
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A subgroup of the Neolithic Funnel Beaker Culture ( TBK) in the Middle Elbe-Saale area is known as the Salzmünder culture (also known as the Salzmünder group ) . It existed between 3400 and 3000 BC. The demarcation of the Central and East German groups, Hutberg Group , Bernburger Group , Walternienburg , Salzmünde and Schöningen from one another is notoriously difficult and varies greatly from author to author. That is why Johannes Müller advocates calling them all subgroups of the funnel cup culture. The eponymous site , Salzmünde -Schiepzig ( Saalekreis ), was excavated in 1921 by Nils Niklasson . He assigned the finds to a "Nordic culture" that also included Baalberg finds. In 1938 Paul Grimm merged Niklasson's “Nordic culture” with the Opperschöner jugs to form the Salzmünder culture. According to the North German chronology ( Joachim Preuß , Jonas Beran , Hermann Behrens ), Salzmünde belongs to the Middle Neolithic, according to the South and West German chronology of Jens Lüning to the Young Neolithic . The Salzmünder ceramic style is assigned to the funnel cup phases TRB-MES IV and V in the Middle Elbe-Saale region. In Bohemia the last stage of the funnel beaker culture (TRB C) belongs to the Salzmünder culture. It lies here later than the Central German finds.
genesis
According to Jonas Beran, the Salzmünder culture developed from the Hutberg group .
Way of settlement
In addition to mostly inadequately researched or unpublished open settlements, the Salzmünd culture also knows of enclosed hilltop settlements such as Halle , Dölauer Heide , Salzmünde - Schiepzig , Müelte and Wallendorf . Beran would like to assign Halle-Heide and Wallendorf to the Hutberg group.
The settlement of Halle, Dölauer Heide was surrounded by a ditch about two meters deep with palisades inside . The irregularly shaped enclosure enclosed the entire plateau of the mountain and was accessed through at least two gates. Salzmünde-Schiepzig was destroyed in the course of sand mining and has not been adequately published.
The settlement of Karsdorf, Burgenlandkreis, produced numerous finds from the Salzmünder culture, but only preliminary reports are available here.
Material legacies
One or two-handled jugs of the Oppenschöner type , amphorae, funnel- rim bowls and decorated clay drums are characteristic of Salzmünde . The ornate axes of the Saxon type are also often attributed to Salzmünde, but these are mostly individual finds.
Funeral customs
In addition to settlement burials and burials under burial mounds , stone boxes and wall chamber graves are also found. Typically, however, burial and a sideways stool. Additions are usually sparse.
Inner structure
Jonas Beran suggested a periodization of the Salzmünder culture in the following stages:
- Zauschwitz
- Munch
A number of 14 C data are available. Based on the radiometric data, a distinction is made in the Salzmünde ceramics A, B and C, which can be assigned to the respective funnel cup stages.
Individual evidence
- ^ Hermann Behrens: The Neolithic Age in the Middle Elbe-Saale area. Publ. Landesmus. Pre. Hall 27 (Berlin 1973).
- ↑ Jens Lüning: New thoughts on naming the Neolithic periods. In: Germania. Volume 74/1, 1996, pp. 233-237 ( online ).
- ↑ Jonas Beran 1993.
literature
- Jonas Beran : Studies on the position of the Salzmünder culture in the early Neolithic of the Saale region (= contributions to the prehistory and early history of Central Europe. Volume 2). Beier & Beran, Wilkau-Haßlau 1993.
- Cultural Association of the German Democratic Republic (ed.): Type tables for prehistory and early history. [Editor R. Feustel / S. Barthel] Weimar 1972.
- Harald Meller (Ed.): 3300 BC. Mysterious stone age dead and their world. Special exhibition from November 14, 2013 to May 18, 2014 in the State Museum for Prehistory in Halle. State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt / State Museum for Prehistory, Nünnerich-Asmus, Mainz 2013, ISBN 978-3-943904-33-8 .
- Harald Meller, Susanne Friederich (eds.): Salzmünde-Schiepzig - one place, two cultures. Excavations at the western bypass in Halle (A 143). Part I (= Archeology in Saxony-Anhalt. Special Volume 21 / I). State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt, Halle (Saale) 2014, ISBN 978-3-944507-02-6 .
- Harald Meller, Susanne Friederich (Ed.): Salzmünde - Rule or Exception? Salzmünde - rule or exception? (= Conferences of the State Museum for Prehistory in Halle. Volume 16). State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt, Halle (Saale) 2017, ISBN 978-3-944507-11-8 .
- Johannes Müller : Sociochronological studies on the Young and Late Neolithic in the Middle Elbe-Saale area (4100-2700 BC). Prehistoric research 21. Rahden, Leidorf 2001.
- Johannes Müller: Radiocarbon chronology - ceramic technology - osteology - anthropology spatial analysis. Contributions to the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age in the Middle Elbe-Saale area. 80th Ber. RGK 1999, 25-211.
- Joachim Preuß : The Neolithic in Central Europe, Cultures - Economy - Environment from the 6th to 3rd millennium BC Weißenbach, Beier and Beran 1996.
- Giannina Schindler: Salzmünder culture. In: H.-J. Beier and R. Einicke (eds.): The Neolithic in the Middle Elbe-Saale area. An overview and an outline of the state of research. Beier & Beran publishing house. Wilkau-Hasslau. 1994. 145-158. ISBN 3-930036-05-3 .
