Mussels

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Mussels
Solemya elarraichensis

Solemya elarraichensis

Systematics
Sub-stem : Shell molluscs (Conchifera)
Class : Mussels (Bivalvia)
Subclass : Protobranchia
Order : Solemyida
Superfamily : Solemyoidea
Family : Mussels
Scientific name
Solemyidae
Gray , 1840

The clams (Solemyidae) are a family within the order of Solemyida , which is placed in the subclass of Protobranchia within the class of mussels . The oldest representatives of the Solemyidae are already recorded in the Ordovician . Currently, depending on the opinion of the authors, up to 60 recent and fossil species are included in the clam family.

features

The family of the clams includes species with rounded, oblong-egg-shaped and oblong-elliptical shells, or shells whose ventral and dorsal edges are largely parallel (rounded rectangular). They are moderately to severely inflated (thick) and very unequal with a vertebra more or less clearly displaced towards the rear end . The vertebrae are small and collide. The maximum length of the housing is almost 30 cm († Acharax yokosukensis Kanie & Kuramochi, 1995); they gape at the front and rear. There is no lunula , the area is quite large. The edge of the case is quite sharp and is formed by the periostracum protruding far beyond the mineral shell . The internal or external ligament can be in front of, between, and behind the vertebrae, or entirely behind the vertebrae. A ligament support can be formed internally. The lock is toothless, a callus may be present instead of the lock.

The whitish shell is thin and fragile, and consists of two aragonitic layers with slightly different structures depending on the species and the firmly adhering, comparatively thick organic periostracum . The periostracum is red-brown with dark or greenish radial bands. The surface (of the periostracum) is smooth and shiny. Some species have broad radial ribs separated by narrow and flat strips.

There are still two sphincter muscles, of which the front one is significantly larger than the rear sphincter. The Solemyidae have no siphons , the surface line is not indented, often overgrown and indistinct. The water flows in through the front end. They also do not have a byssus gland . Some species have partially or completely reduced their intestines. They feed on bacteria in the gill tissue. Other species feed at least z. T. also from detritus.

Geographical distribution and way of life

The family is spread around the world. The species occur in both cold and warmer seas. The species of the genus Solemya live buried one to two centimeters deep in rather shallower sea areas (tidal range up to about 600 meters) in sediments with a high proportion of organic material, which are often low in oxygen and rich in hydrogen sulfide. The Acharax species, on the other hand, are distinct deep-sea forms (deeper than 400 meters to around 5,000 meters) that occur on cold seas or in sediments that are influenced by rising hydrothermal waters.

Many (all?) Species of the Solemyidae family feed on chemoautotrophic, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria in the gill tissue. However, this has not yet been proven in all species. This is the case with the species examined so far, although some species also feed on detritus. The chemoautotrophic gammaproteobacteria of Solemya and Acharax differ very clearly from each other and suggest that these two genera were separated a long time ago.

Taxonomy

The taxon was established in 1840 by John Edward Gray as Solenomyadae, based on the unjustified emendation Solenomya Children, 1823. In the systematics of Bouchet & Rocroi (2010) it is the only family of the superfamily Solemyoidea. They divide the family into three subfamilies Solemyinae, Acharacinae and Clinopisthinae. Carter et al. (2007) divided the superfamily Solemyoidea into four families, three of which (Ctenodontidae Wöhrmann, 1893, Ovatoconchidae Carter, 2007 and Clinopisthidae Pojeta, 1988) are only known to be fossil. The family Solemyidae s. st. is divided into two subfamilies Solemyinae and Janacekiinae Růžička & Řehoř, 1978. Graham Oliver and John Taylor (2012) treat the family Ovatoconchidae as a synonym of Solemyidae. The fossil record of the Solemyidae family would thus extend back to the Ordovician; Ovatoconcha comes from the Floium (Lower Ordovician). The genera of the Ovatoconchidae are therefore marked with a question mark. In more recent original publications, the subfamily structure of the Solemyiidae is mostly not used. Only two recent and some exclusively fossil genera are assigned to the family. Both recent genera are divided into sub-genera.

supporting documents

literature

  • Philippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Rüdiger Bieler, Joseph G. Carter, Eugene V. Coan: Nomenclator of Bivalve Families with a Classification of Bivalve Families. Malacologia, 52 (2): 1-184, 2010 doi : 10.4002 / 040.052.0201
  • Joseph G. Carter, Cristian R. Altaba, Laurie C. Anderson, Rafael Araujo, Alexander S. Biakov, Arthur E. Bogan, David C. Campbell, Matthew Campbell, Chen Jin-hua, John CW Cope, Graciela Delvene, Henk H Dijkstra, Fang Zong-jie, Ronald N. Gardner, Vera A. Gavrilova, Irina A. Goncharova, Peter J. Harries, Joseph H. Hartman, Michael Hautmann, Walter R. Hoeh, Jorgen Hylleberg, Jiang Bao-yu, Paul Johnston, Lisa Kirkendale, Karl Kleemann, Jens Koppka, Jiří Kříž, Deusana Machado, Nikolaus Malchus, Ana Márquez-Aliaga, Jean-Pierre Masse, Christopher A. McRoberts, Peter U. Middelfart, Simon Mitchell, Lidiya A. Nevesskaja, Sacit Özer , John Pojeta, Jr., Inga V. Polubotko, Jose Maria Pons, Sergey Popov, Teresa Sánchez, André F. Sartori, Robert W. Scott, Irina I. Sey, Javier H. Signorelli, Vladimir V. Silantiev, Peter W. Skelton, Thomas Steuber, J. Bruce Waterhouse, G. Lynn Wingard, Thomas Yancey: A Synoptical Classification of the Bivalvia (Mollusca). Kansas University Paleontological Contributions, 4: 1-47, Lawrence, Kansas, USA 2011, ISSN  1946-0279 PDF
  • Guido Poppe and Yoshihiro Goto: European Seashells Volume 2 (Scaphopoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda) . 221 pp., Verlag Christa Hemmen, Wiesbaden 1993 (2000 unc. Reprint) ISBN 3-925919-10-4
  • Raymond Cecil Moore (Ed.): Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Mollusca, 6, Bivalvia 1. XXXVIII, 489 pp., New York, 1969 (pp. N250).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ P. Graham Oliver, John D. Taylor: Bacterial symbiosis in the Nucinellidae (Bivalvia: Solemyida) with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 78: 81–91, 2012 doi : 10.1093 / mollus / eyr045
  2. ↑ Kazutaka Amano, Hisao Ando: Giant fossil Acharax (Bivalvia: Solemyidae) from the Miocene of Japan. The Nautilus, 125 (4): 207-212, 2011 PDF
  3. ↑ Kei Sato, Rei Nakashima, Ryuichi Majima, Hiromi Watanabe, Takenori Sasaki: Shell Microstructures of Five Recent Solemyids from Japan (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Paleontological Research, 17 (1): 69-90, 2013 doi : 10.2517 / 1342-8144-17.1.69
  4. ^ Sven C. Neulinger, Heiko Sahling, Jörg Süling, Johannes F. Imhoff: Presence of two phylogenetically distinct groups in the deep-sea mussel Acharax (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Solemyidae). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 312: 161-168, 2006 PDF
  5. ↑ John Edward Gray: Shells of molluscous animals. Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum, 42: 105-152, Woodfall & Son, London 1840 Online at Google Books (p. 136)
  6. ↑ World Register of Marine Species: Solemyidae Gray, 1840
  7. ↑ Paleobiology Database: Solemyidae Adamas & Adams 1857
  8. ↑ a b c J C. Cope: Early Ordovician (Arenig) bivalves from the Llangnog Inlier, South Wales. Palaeontology, 39: 979-1025, 1996.
  9. ↑ John Bowman Bailey: Paleobiology, Paleoecology, and Systematics of Solemyidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Protobranchia) from the Mazon Creek Deposit, Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 382: 1-61, 2011 PDF ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.museumoftheearth.org

Web links

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