Mevlevi

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Semâ ceremony in the Order's cultural center in Avanos , November 2010

The Mevlevi - Tariqa (Mevlevi Dervish Order; Persian مولويه) is one of the most famous Sufi brotherhoods. The emergence of this order shall pass to the Persian mystic Rumi (1207-1273, also known as Mevlana and Moulawi and short-Rumi), who for a long time in Konya ( Sultanate of Rum , and later capital of Beyliks the Karaman ), the place of origin of the order.

Semâ

Mevlevi dervishes in Istanbul, April 2006

The followers of the Mevlevi order are also called the whirling dervishes because their Dhikr ( Sama ; Turkish Sema ) superficially consists of getting into ecstasy through circular movements . To an outside observer, this ceremony appears like a beautiful performance that is very similar to a ballet . For the Mevlevis, as with every Dhikr, it is a form of prayer in which one has the opportunity to close oneself completely to the world and to get closer to God.

Many types of symbolism are not recognizable to outsiders. At the beginning of a "dance" the sheikh stands on a red fur ( post ) , which represents the center of the world. The dancers wear a black cloak over the white robe. The cape symbolizes the grave and the hat ( sikke ) the gravestone. After the sheikh's blessing and thus the resurrection from the grave, they take off the shroud and begin to turn to the music of the longitudinal flute nay and the double boiler drum kudüm . The right palm faces up to receive God's blessings, the left palm faces down to distribute the blessings in this world. The Mevlevi Dhikr was added to the UNESCO list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2005.

The formalized Mevlevi ritual music (ayin) knows about 42 compositions, one of which is selected for performance each year. The musical sequence is strictly defined and begins with the Naat-ı Mevlâna , a song of praise for the Prophet, followed by a taksim , a free rhythmic improvisation on the nay . The following peşrev is an instrumental prelude. The main part consists of four sung pieces called selâm . They accompany the dancers turning in circles. It concludes with three son . The son peşrev is an instrumental piece with a rhythm that has changed from the beginning. This is followed by the son yürük semai . This instrumental intermediate piece got its name from the rhythmic form (usul) in 6/8 time (yürük semai) . The dance performance ends with the son taksim and a final prayer.

history

Mustafa Kemal Pascha on a visit to leading Mevlevi and their head Abdülhalim Çelebi in Konya on March 10, 1923

Today the city of Konya is considered to be the place of origin of this Sufi order. There you will find the mausoleum of its founder and the Tekke of the Mevlevi Order, today the Mevlânâ Museum . Mevlevis were also in Afyon near Konya. Some graves of high-ranking members of the order also testify to this.

The participation of women in the mukabele , the “Semâ ritual”, is a phenomenon of the 20th century. Only in the 16th century, after the death of her father, the previous head of the Asitans in Afyonkarahisar , did Günesch Hanim take over the post of Post Nischin in a " hussar coup " , while the dervishes were still divided on the successor. She was later confirmed in her office by the Maqam Çelebi (head of the Mevlevis) in Konya. However, this was a one-off event.

The reference that Rumi himself should never have had an interest in leading a large number of dervishes or organizing an order is correct insofar as he himself was the sheikh of the Kubrawiyya founded by Nadschmuddin Kubra . So he was incorporated into the Sufi tradition. Only under his son Sultan Weled (1284–1312) was the Mevlevî Tariqa known as furu , d. H. Branch line of Kubreviyye Tariqa established.

The name Mevlevî comes from Rumi himself, who is said to have said - "Biz Mevleviyiz" in the meaning of "We belong to God" ( Mevlâ or Maulâ , "Lord", "Master"). Only in the course of the following decades did the name Mevlevî gain greater importance and became the name for the Tariqa at the time of Rumi's son Sultan Weled. Another indication of the origin of the Tariqa is found in the fact that the "great" and "little" Evrâd read by the Mevlevis , a collection of prayer and Koran texts regularly read by the dervishes, is from the Kubraviyya tradition originates.

At the time of Shamsuddin Amir Alim († 1395), the son and successor of Ulu Arif Çelebi , the Mevlevi-Tariqa had already spread beyond the borders of Anatolia .

On September 30, 1925 Mustafa Kemâl Pascha (called Ataturk ), the founder of the Republic of Turkey , by resolution of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey ( Türk Büyük Millî Meclisi ) left the rituals of the Mevlevi dervishes with the law on the closure of dervish convents and mausoleums to forbid. Since 1954 the Sama or Sema (a special kind of Dhikr ) on the occasion of the anniversary of Rumi's death - the şeb-i âruz (Persian شب عروسى, DMG šab-i ʿarūs, 'wedding night') - can be performed again on December 17th , but not in the motherhouse of the Tariqa, but in a sports hall.

construction

The head of the Mevlevi-Tariqa comes, besides Mevlana's immediate successor Çelebî Husâm-ed-dîn, from the Rumis family, he is called Maqam Çelebî . He is supported by the sheikhs of the Tariqa. One of these sheikhs is the teaching chief, the so-called sertarik .

literature

Web links

Commons : Mevlevi  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Yaprak Melike Uyar, Ş. Şehvar Beşiroğlu: Recent representations of the music of the Mevlevi Order of Sufism. In: Journal of Interdisciplinary Music Studies. Vol. 6, No. 2, 2012, ISSN  1307-0401 , pp. 137-150 , here p. 141.
  2. ^ Mevlevi Sema ceremony . UNESCO
  3. ^ Karl L. Signell: Makam. Modal Practice in Turkish Art Music. Reprinted edition. Da Capo Press, New York NY 1986, ISBN 0-306-76248-X , p. 18.
  4. ↑ Klaus Kreiser , Christoph K. Neumann : Small history of Turkey. 2nd, updated and expanded edition. Reclam, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-15-010678-5 , p. 395.