Seminar (educational institution)
Even in ancient times , seminars were used to designate educational institutions of all kinds. In the Middle Ages , the cathedral schools in particular were called that, which primarily had the purpose of training future clergy. Hence the word gradually took on the meaning of "preparatory institute for clergy". Since the Council of Trent (1545–1563), which made the establishment of such institutions compulsory for all bishops, it became an official name in this sense.
It was not until much later, initially in Germany and France, that the need was felt to establish seminars for the training of future teachers , especially for elementary schools . Duke Ernst the Pious of Saxe-Gotha intended to found such an institution .
Fénelon represented the idea of a seminar for teachers in his work on the education of girls (1687). A Séminaire des maîtres d'école created in Reims (1684) I. B. La Salle, the founder of the Christian school brothers .
Duke Ernst's idea was further developed by August Hermann Francke in Halle, who founded a seminarium praeceptorum in his house in 1695 , which later continued to exist in close connection with the orphanage and trained a large number of teachers for higher and lower schools.
Similar institutions were set up with the support of Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia at the orphanage on the Lastadie near Stettin (1732) and at the pedagogy in Berge monastery near Magdeburg (1735), to which the Rudolstadt seminar in 1747, and that of Berlin in 1748, from Realschulrektor II Hecker founded, in 1750 and 1751 schoolmaster seminars in Hanover, Braunschweig and Wolfenbüttel followed.
Slowly these institutions then found wider distribution , especially through the recommendation of Canon F. E. von Rochow and the so-called philanthropies (Basedow et al.).
Particularly after 1807, under the impression of the defeats of 1806 and in the spirit of Pestalozzi, the Prussian government paid increased attention to the seminar system. However, it was not until the late 19th century that systematic care for the training of future teachers was generally recognized as an indispensable duty of the state.
Of the roughly 200 state seminars in the German Reich , 115 of which were held by Prussia, more than a third did not come into being until after 1872.
At the end of the 19th century there were different types of seminars. Of lesser importance, the difference is to Externats device, in which the pupils live in private homes and only receive teaching in the institution, and the boarding facility where the seminar will provide them board and lodging.
More important was the difference in the educational time , which z. B. in Prussia it was three years, in the Kingdom of Saxony it was six years. There were also major differences in terms of the curriculum . In the Kingdom of Saxony z. B. in all seminars the teaching of Latin is a compulsory subject, while in Prussia participation in teaching a foreign language was an optional subject.
The then frequently occurring compound of the Magisterium with ministries, especially the organist office, caused in most German seminars an extensive care of the music , especially playing the organ. The curriculum also included gymnastics and drawing , and lessons often included other subjects such as agriculture , horticulture, and fruit tree growing .
Each well-established seminar was linked to at least one practice school, in which the seminarians of the upper classes practice teaching under the guidance and supervision of a teacher . The seminars were also often associated with institutions for the deaf and dumb in order to give the young teachers an understanding of this branch of curative education .
The current meaning of the term seminar as a course or course did not develop until the beginning of the 20th century.
In the German state of Baden-Württemberg, educational institutions for the training and further education of teachers are called seminars.
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ SEMINARE-BW - home page. In: seminare-bw.de. Retrieved September 14, 2019 .