Sentinel survey

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Sentinel or sentinel survey , also sentinel system , sentinel surveillance , in English: Sentinel Surveillance , is an epidemiological surveillance tool based on the voluntary cooperation of those involved .

execution

Epidemiological data are recorded as a by-product of preventive health care in order to determine the epidemiological development of specific disease areas within a part or the entire population. According to § 13 and § 14 of the Infection Protection Act , a number of these surveys are routinely carried out for epidemiological monitoring. Data for sentinel samples, e.g. B. tissue samples and smears are collected anonymously and randomly . Because it is linked to national or international immunization programs for certain pathogens, a sentinel system does not detect any local outbreaks with rare or new pathogens or pathogens outside the target microorganisms .

WHO surveys

WHO shares public health monitoring as an accompaniment to immunization programs, e.g. B. Vaccinations, fall into three categories. Sentinel monitoring is the most complex of the methods.

  • National Passive Surveillance (passive survey, voluntary survey): This means that reports from the health system about certain illnesses are transmitted to a registration office. Collected by the WHO in this way: diphtheria , hepatitis B , mumps , whooping cough , tetanus and yellow fever .
  • National Active Surveillance; Accelerated disease control (active survey): People actively visit health centers and determine the spread of monitored diseases through discussions and files. In this way, the WHO ascertains data on: measles , neonatal tetanus (newborn tetanus) , polio , rubella
  • Sentinel Surveillance: Used when very precise data is required for immunization programs, for example on changes in viruses. But even if the diagnosis is not easy, even for specialists. The WHO uses it to collect data on Haemophilus influenzae b infection type B (HIB) .

Sentinel surveys and other types of surveys in Germany

  • Acute respiratory diseases such as flu and other viral infections:
    • GrippeWeb : Passive survey through patient information. Records acute respiratory diseases (ARE rate) and influenza-like diseases (ILI rate). GrippeWeb is an internet-based tool from the Robert Koch Institute.
    • Influenza surveillance or AGI sentinel
      • Passive survey of acute respiratory diseases with the help of selected practices with outpatient public traffic by the Working Group Influenza (AGI) at the Robert Koch Institute.
      • Sentinel survey of the collected samples. Virus analysis by the National Reference Center for Influenza Viruses at the Robert Koch Institute.
        Samples sent in have also been tested for the SARS-CoV-2 virus since the eighth calendar week (Feb. 17, 2020) . The tests for the influenza virus , respiratory syncytial virus , human metapneumovirus , human parainfluenza virus and rhinovirus will continue to be carried out. By April 16, 2020, 12 of the 1111 samples examined were SARS-CoV-2 positive. The results are published by the Influenza Working Group. As of August 21, 2020: So far there have been 13 (0.6%) evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in 2,020 samples examined by the AGI's virological surveillance. Since the 16th week of 2020 there has been no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in the Sentinel. It should be noted, however, that there was a decrease in the number of samples. There is still evidence of sentinel hospitals (SARI).
    • SARI study : recording of severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in hospitalized patients in hospitals (hospitalized persons). Virus samples are also taken in this system and analyzed at the National Reference Center for Influenza Viruses. The analysis results are also published by the Influenza Working Group. In 70 Sentinel hospitals, a total of 3% of the SARI cases (main diagnosis influenza, pneumonia or other acute infections of the lower respiratory tract) with COVID-19 were hospitalized in the period from KW 28 to KW 31, 2020.
  • Influenza A Virus H1N1 : Sentinel Survey. Based on voluntary data input from hospitals. Introduced in 2010 under the project name Pandemic Influenza Hospital Surveillance (PIKS). Coordinated by the Robert Koch Institute.
  • Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) as bacterial pneumonia , meningitis and otitis media : Laboratory Sentinel to pneumococci and staphylococci. Coordinated by PneumoWeb , a collaboration between the Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, and the National Reference Center for Streptococci (NRZ-S) at the RWTH in Aachen.
  • Measles ( measles virus , MeV): Nationwide sentinel system, responsible: Working group measles
  • Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC, E-Coli): laboratory-supported monitoring (possibly Sentinel), Hamburg-Wernigerode
  • Salmonella : laboratory-supported monitoring (possibly Sentinel), Hamburg-Wernigerode
  • Gastric ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori : monitoring (possibly sentinel survey), additional investigation of the antibiotic resistance of H. pylori, survey by the ResiNet project at the Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene , Freiburg
  • Imported infections in general: Monitoring (possibly sentinel survey) by SIMPID, Munich
  • Sexually transmitted diseases and infections (sexually transmitted disease, STD) such as chlamydia / chlamydiosis , gonorrhea , hepatitis B , hepatitis C , herpes , HIV / AIDS , human papillomavirus , shigellosis , scabies , syphilis : STD-Sentinel-Surveillance, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin
  • Varicella and herpes zoster diseases such as chickenpox and shingles : Sentinel survey, although the Infection Protection Act does not require monitoring, called varicella sentinel for the scientific support of varicella vaccination. Carried out by the Varicella Working Group (AGV) at the Robert Koch Institute

Sentinel surveys and other types of surveys in Switzerland

Active, passive and sentinel surveys are recorded centrally via the Sentinella reporting system. The Sentinella system is located in the Federal Office of Public Health , Department of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases.

Sentinel survey at EU level

Sentinel monitoring in other countries

literature

  • M. Schlaud, E. Swart: Observation practices - a flexible survey concept of epidemiology . In: Umweltmed. Research Practice tape 8 (2003) , no. 3 , p. 147-154 .
  • J. Szecsenyi, H. Uphoff, HD Brede: Influenza surveillance: experience from establishing a sentinelsurveillance system in Germany . In: J. Epidemiol. Community Health . tape 49 , 2009, p. 9-13 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Sentinels. In: rki.de. Robert Koch Institute, December 3, 2004, accessed on May 6, 2020 .
  2. ↑ a b c Sentinel Surveillance. (In the field of: Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals). In: who.int. World Health Organization, accessed May 6, 2020 .
  3. ↑ Types of Surveillance. (In the field of: Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals). In: who.int. World Health Organization, accessed May 6, 2020 .
  4. ^ National passive. (In the field of: Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals). In: who.int. World Health Organization, accessed May 6, 2020 .
  5. ^ Accelerated Disease Control - National Active. (In the field of: Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals). In: who.int. World Health Organization, accessed May 6, 2020 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e Anika Meinen: Daily situation report of the RKI on the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) - August 21, 2020. (PDF; 3.110 kByte) In: rki.de. Robert Koch Institute, August 21, 2020, accessed on August 21, 2020 .
  7. ↑ Influenza Working Group. In: rki.de. Robert Koch Institute, February 2, 2010, accessed on May 6, 2020 .
  8. ↑ a b c d e Sebastian Brock: Influenza weekly report - calendar week 29/2020 (July 11th to 7th, 2020) . Ed .: Working Group Influenza. August 21, 2020 ( rki.de [PDF; 737 kB ; accessed on August 21, 2020]).
  9. ↑ PIKS: Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) v Hospital Surveillance. In: rki.de. Robert Koch Institute, April 13, 2010, accessed on May 6, 2020 .
  10. ↑ PneumoWeb - Laboratory Sentinel of Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases. In: rki.de. Robert Koch Institute, accessed on May 6, 2020 .
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h R. Bornemann et. al: Framework recommendations for sentinel surveillance projects in infection epidemiology . (Contribution to: 11th Annual Meeting of the German Working Group on Epidemiology (DAE), Heidelberg, March 16-19, 2004). October 2, 2004 ( uni-bielefeld.de [PDF; 47 kB ; accessed on May 7, 2020]).
  12. ↑ Manfred Kist, Erik-Oliver Glocker: ResiNet - A nationwide German sentinel study for surveillance and analysis of antimicrobial resistance in Helicobacter pylori . In: European Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Ed.): Weekly Releases . tape 8 (2004) , no. 9 , February 26, 2004, ISSN  9999-1233 , doi : 10.2807 / esw.08.09.02395-en (English, eurosurveillance.org [accessed May 7, 2020]).
  13. ↑ Sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In: rki.de. Robert Koch Institute, August 29, 2017, accessed on May 6, 2020 .
  14. ↑ Section 34 of the Department of Infection Epidemiology of the RKI: Six Years of STD Sentinel Surveillance in Germany - Facts and Figures . In: Robert Koch Institute (Ed.): Epidemiologisches Bulletin . tape 2010 , no. 3 . Brandenburgische Universitätsdruckerei and Verlagsgesellschaft Potsdam, January 25, 2010, ISSN  1430-0265 , ISSN 1430-1172 (fax), PVKZ A-14273, p. 20–27 ( rki.de [PDF; 116 kB ; accessed on May 7, 2020]).
  15. ^ The AGV varicella sentinel. In: rki.de. Robert Koch Institute, November 13, 2017, accessed on May 6, 2020 .
  16. ^ Sentinella statistics. (PDF; 50 kByte) Federal Office of Public Health, Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases Department, March 14, 2006, archived from the original on November 16, 2011 ; accessed on May 6, 2020 .
  17. ↑ a b European Influenza Surveillance Network (EISN). European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), accessed on May 7, 2020 .
  18. ↑ System. In: Flu News Europe - Joint ECDC-WHO / Europe weekly influenza update. European Center for Disease Prevention and Control + WHO Regional Office for Europe, accessed May 7, 2020 .