Snus

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Portioned snus, General variety

As snus [ snʉːs (often in Austria also] Snüs ) is one in Norway and Sweden called common form of oral tobacco. Snus has a long tradition in Scandinavia . The oldest type of snus, Ljunglöfs Ettan , has been around since 1822. Because of the restrictive regulations on cigarettes, snus is particularly popular in Scandinavia, especially in Norway and Sweden.

Manufacturing

Air-dried tobacco from various origins is used to make snus. The dried tobacco is ground and then provided with water. Snus has been heat-treated and not fermented since the 19th century . Originally practiced for reasons of taste and cost, this process has recently proven particularly suitable for keeping the nitrosamine content of tobacco low. After the heat treatment, the tobacco u. a. Salts and - depending on the variety - various flavors added.

ingredients

Snus essentially consists of tobacco , water, salt and flavorings. Tobacco naturally contains nicotine . The salt in the snus serves u. a. helps to maintain the pH in the mouth, which favors the absorption of nicotine. Snus is subject to the Swedish Food Act, which is why the same high quality standards apply to snus as e.g. B. for fruit or vegetables, the ingredients must be listed and a use-by date must be given.

The fact that snus is enriched with fine glass splinters so that the nicotine gets into the bloodstream faster is misinformation that came about because the salt contained in the snus crystallizes out after too long and dry storage and then reflects when the light falls.

Loose snus (powder) and portioned snus (sachets)

Loose snus (powder)

The snus is packed here as a loose, moist powder (Swedish: lössnus) in cans of 50 or 42 grams and must be portioned before use. The cans for loose snus are usually made of plastic or wax cardboard.

Portioned snus (sachet)

One speaks of portioned snus when the snus is packaged in small cellulose bags . Portioned snus is available in four different sizes: slim, normal, long-cut, long-slim. With portioned snus a distinction is also made between “white” and “original”. In the case of “white” portions, the sachet is dry (the snus, however, is not) and should therefore prevent it from becoming saturated. With “white-dry” portions, both tobacco and sachets are dry, which ensures that the snus can be kept in the mouth longer. In the case of original portions, the sachet is also damp. The packaged snus is available in different flavors such as melon, peppermint and winter green. Snus cans for portioned snus are mostly made of plastic, but occasionally also of metal. Many plastic jars have a so-called Combi-Lid or Double-Lid in the lid, in which you can insert the used parcel in order to dispose of them later.

Application and storage

A portion snus sachet is removed from the can and placed behind the upper or lower lip, where it remains for approx. 15-60 minutes until the effects are over. The tobacco releases taste and nicotine. The nicotine gets into the bloodstream through the oral mucosa and affects the reward center of the brain, which is perceived as pleasant by the user. When using a pinch of snus, more nicotine is absorbed over the duration of use than is the case with a cigarette .

There are various methods of dividing the loess snus well

  • You take out a little pile with your fingers and knead it into a kind of ball-shaped ball, then clamp it under your upper lip.
  • A Prismaster (made of plastic) or Icetool (made of steel or aluminum) is used. Both are tools for creating a pinch of snus.

If you use snus properly, you can easily remove it after about 15 to 60 minutes by lifting your upper lip. If loess snus is used incorrectly, part of the mass slips onto the teeth and into the mouth, which is very unpleasant and poorly tolerated. It can also be the case that the snus begins to "trickle" with untrained use. H. the juice spreads in the mouth. Swallowing this juice can make you feel sick.

According to the manufacturer, snus should be stored in the refrigerator at a maximum of seven to eight degrees Celsius. In Sweden every tobacco shop has a snus refrigerator with the most popular types of snus ready.

Health issues

A Swedish warning label on a can of snus. It reads: "This tobacco product can damage your health and is addictive".

Since you do not smoke the tobacco while consuming it and therefore no other pollutants occur that would arise if the tobacco were burned, snuffing is considered to be less harmful to health. In addition, the manufacturers went to great lengths to further reduce the already low nitrosamine content of the snus.

The following is rated positively compared to smoking tobacco:

  • that the consumption of snus carries only a very small fraction of the health risks of tobacco smoking. This applies to all possible cancers as well as cardiovascular diseases. Various estimates come to the conclusion that smokeless consumption is around 90–95% less dangerous than tobacco smoking.
  • that switching from cigarettes to snus is associated with a drastic reduction in health risks.
  • that the consumption of snus in particular is not associated with oral cancer .
  • that when using snus, unlike for example cigarette smoking, passive consumption is not possible.

An increased risk of developing oral cancer and lung cancer in snus users could not be determined.

Is rated negatively:

  • that first-time consumption in non-smokers often causes dizziness and nausea , which is due to the high nicotine content of snus.
  • that snus can lead to tobacco addiction .

Studies

In a study by the Karolinska Institute , 125,576 snus consumers were examined who had never smoked tobacco. The scientists from the medical university found that snus consumption increases the risk of developing pancreatic cancer. They suggested adding the use of Swedish snus to the list of tentative risk factors for pancreatic cancer .

Another meta-analysis from 2011 examined eleven studies on the relationship between various forms of tobacco use and pancreatic cancer. In contrast to the meta-analysis from 2007 described above, they found no connection between snus use and pancreatic cancer.

In a study from 2003, in which the WHO awarded nicotine researcher Karl Fagerström also participated, the scientists found that the availability of snus in Sweden probably has an influence on the unusually low proportion of smokers among Swedish men, as the Swedish men considered through have switched snus to a much less harmful form of nicotine addiction. The percentage of smokers in Sweden was 13% in 2012 and the EU average was 28%.

Although snus, like tobacco smoke, can lead to addiction , there are various scientific studies that investigate the possibility of how snus can help with smoking cessation.

Snus in competitive sports

Snus is on the list of substances observed by the World Anti-Doping Agency , as it is considered mentally performance-enhancing in competitive sports. It has a positive influence on the decision-making speed and was therefore tested with very positive results by Italian downhill skiers , and the anaerobic performance over 30 s in the Wingate test also increased highly significantly in athletes without nicotine experience from snus in a double-blind test .

Distribution ban in the EU

Due to the directive on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the member states on the manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco products, the commercial placing on the market of snus is prohibited throughout the European Union with the exception of Sweden . For Germany, the ban was laid down in Section 5a of the Tobacco Ordinance and has been the same since 2016 in Section 11 of the new Tobacco Products Act . The purchase of snus is legal from a minimum age of 18 years. In Austria, the ban was laid down in Section 2 of the Tobacco Act. In Switzerland, snus was not tradable or importable according to Article 5 of the Tobacco Ordinance until May 27, 2019. The Swiss Federal Supreme Court then decided, however, that this regulation was invalid, as the ban was "arbitrary and unconstitutional".

An action brought by a manufacturer and a German tobacco product distributor before the European Court of Justice to lift the ban was unsuccessful.

Varieties & brands

The oldest Swedish snus variety, Ettan , has been produced by the Ljunglöf company, now known as “ Swedish Match ”, since 1822 . The leading manufacturer is “Swedish Match”, followed by Gallaher .

Ettan variety with reference to the 180th anniversary
Röda Lacket and Prismaster
Göteborgs Rapé White Portion from Swedish Match

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : Snus  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Snus  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Coral E Gartner, Wayne D Hall, Theo Vos, Melanie Y Bertram, Angela L Wallace, Stephen S Lim: Assessment of Swedish snus for tobacco harm reduction: an epidemiological modeling study . In: The Lancet , 2007, 369, pp. 2010-2014.
  2. ↑ a b L. E. Rutqvist, M. Curvall, T. Hassler, T. Ringberger, I. Wahlberg: Swedish snus and the GothiaTek standard . In: Harm Reduction Journal , 8 (1), 2011, p. 11, PMID 21575206 .
  3. ↑ a b Snus and the effects on oral health. Retrieved January 4, 2020 .
  4. ↑ a b B. Rodu: The scientific foundation for tobacco harm reduction, 2006–2011 . In: Harm Reduction Journal , 8 (1), 2011, p. 19, PMID 21801389 .
  5. ↑ K. Asplund: Smokeless tobacco and cardiovascular disease . In: Progress in cardiovascular diseases , 45 (5), 2003, pp. 383-394, PMID 12704595 .
  6. ^ A b P. N. Lee, J. Hamling: Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer in Europe and North America . In: BMC Medicine , 7 (1), 2009, p. 36, PMID 19638245 .
  7. ↑ C. Bates, K. Fagerström, MJ Jarvis, M. Kunze, A. McNeill, L. Ramström: European Union policy on smokeless tobacco: a statement in favor of evidence based regulation for public health . In: Tobacco Control , 12 (4), 2003, pp. 360-367, PMC 1747769 (free full text).
  8. ↑ EB Schildt, M. Eriksson, L. Hardell, A. Magnuson: Oral snuff, smoking habits and alcohol consumption in relation to oral cancer in a Swedish case-control study . In: International Journal of Cancer , 77 (3), 1998, pp. 341-346, PMID 9663593 .
  9. ^ F. Lewin, SE Norell, H. Johansson, P. Gustavsson, J. Wennerberg, A. Biörklund, LE Rutqvist: Smoking tobacco, oral snuff, and alcohol in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck . In: Cancer , 82 (7), 1998, pp. 1367-1375, PMID 9529030 .
  10. ↑ J Luo, W Ye, K Zendehdel, J Adami HO, Adami, P Boffetta, O Nyrén: Oral use of Swedish moist snuff (snus) and risk for cancer of the mouth, lung, and pancreas in male construction workers: a retrospective cohort study . In: Lancet , 2007, 369, pp. 2015-2020, PMID 17498797
  11. ↑ praevention.at ( Memento of the original from April 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Institute for Addiction Prevention @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.praevention.at
  12. ↑ a b Gordana Joksić, Vera Spasojević-Tišma1, Ruza Antić, Robert Nilsson, Lars E Rutqvist: Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of Swedish snus for smoking reduction and cessation . In: Harm Reduction Journal , 2011, 8, p. 25, PMC 3186733 (free full text)
  13. ^ A b Tom Wikmans, Lars Ramström: Harm perception among Swedish daily smokers regarding nicotine, NRT-products and Swedish snus . In: Tobacco Inducted Diseases , 2010, PMC 2928193 (free full text)
  14. ↑ Annika Langrock: Snus: A dose is like three cigarettes at once . In: The time . April 5, 2018, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed January 4, 2020]).
  15. Jump up ↑ P. Bertuccio, C. La Vecchia, DT Silverman, GM Petersen, PM Bracci, E. Negri, P. Boffetta: Cigar and pipe smoking, smokeless tobacco use and pancreatic cancer: an analysis from the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PanC4) . In: Ann Oncol. 2011; 22: 1420–1426, PMC 3139985 (free full text)
  16. ↑ J Foulds, L Ramstrom, M Burke, K Fagerstrom: Effect of smokeless tobacco (snus) on smoking and public health in Sweden . In: Tobacco Control , 2003, 12, pp. 349–359, PMC 1747791 (free full text)
  17. ↑ 2012 Eurobarometer survey . (PDF; 7.1 MB) May 2012
  18. ↑ Arnd Krüger (2018). Is snus a gateway drug or is it already doping? FdSnow 36 (52), 65-66.
  19. ↑ Zandonai T et al. (2018). A preliminary investigation on smokeless tobacco use and its cognitive effects among athletes. In: Frant. Pharmacol Mar 12; 9: 216. doi: 10.3389 / fphar.2018.00216 .
  20. ^ Johnston R. (2018). Effect of nicotine on repeated bouts of anaerobic exercise in nicotine naive individuals. In: Eur J Appl Physiol 118 (4), 681-689.
  21. ↑ Directive 2014/40 / EU , previously in Directive 2001/37 / EC
  22. ↑ Simon Holzer, Kilian Schärli: Snus ban lacks the legal basis , mll-news.de, July 6, 2019. Accessed August 30, 2019.
  23. ↑ Judgments C-210/03 and C-434/02 ( curia.europa.eu ( Memento of the original of February 7, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ); Retrieved January 17, 2009 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / curia.eu.int