Debit and credit (novel)
Debit and credit is a novel in six books published in 1855 by Gustav Freytag (1816–1895). It was one of the bestsellers until the early years of the 20th century and is an example of German-speaking bourgeois realism . Franz Mehring describes the novel as the most widely read of the 19th century.
Emergence
The novel was initially shorter and only conceived for the first 3 books. Originally, the political thrust was directed against the nobility. The Jewish figures were part of the history of the deserved ruin of the aristocratic world, later Freytag put the emphasis more on the criticism of speculation.
The novel, which glorified the Breslau merchant class, was all in all a vehicle for the dissemination of political ideas and a commissioned work.
content
_b_289.jpg)
In his merchant novel the author describes the social and economic situation in Silesia in the first half of the 19th century. using the example of individual typed persons. At the same time, the work is a development novel that shows Anton Wohlfart's career and maturation process from 18-year-old apprentice to experienced businessman. The main storylines, which run in parallel and focus on Wroclaw, one of which is set in a Jewish milieu, are linked with one another in terms of personnel from the beginning of the novel.
first book
The 18-year-old Anton Wohlfart and his former Jewish schoolmate Veitel Itzig meet by chance on the hike from Ostrava to the capital, where they are looking for training positions. Before that, Anton passes the country palace of Baron Oskar von Rothsattel, meets his courageous daughter Lenore in the park and falls in love with her. Anton is the son of an accountant. After the death of his parents, he was accepted as an apprentice in the office of the grocer Traugott Schröter in Wroclaw , whose company was obliged to help his father for a long time. Due to his conscientiousness in copying business letters and the execution of orders, as well as his honesty, he wins the respect of his boss and the employees, so that his apprenticeship time is shortened to two years and he gets a permanent job as clerk. After initial friction, the inexperienced young man made friends with one of his colleagues, the worldly, outwardly arrogant and easy-going Fritz von Fink. He introduces him to the society of the landed gentry, which contrasts with that of his bourgeois office colleagues, and Anton has long been fascinated by their elegance and enjoyment of life.
At the same time, poor Veitel became a house boy at the Jewish realtor Hirsch Ehrenthal. While running errands and exploring, he does small private deals and saves the money for bigger ventures.
The landlord and his family make a solid living from the income of the farm. Occasionally he does business with Ehrenthal when selling agricultural products or when making purchases and allows himself to be persuaded by the trader to do financial transactions. He followed Ehrenthal's advice to buy Pfandbriefe in order to use the interest income to invest in ventures such as building a sugar factory. Instead, he moves into a city apartment over the winter and takes part in societies. However, he cannot finance this lavish lifestyle from the income from his estate and with his Pfandbriefe he participates in Ehrenthal's risky businesses, in which farmers who get into financial difficulties have to sell goods below their value.
second book
Fritz von Fink wants to introduce his friend and protégé to urban society and has fun using their prejudices. Through various people, he suggests that Anton is probably the illegitimate son of a grand duke and heir to large estates in America. He has no idea of the friend's careless game and, despite initial concerns, allows himself to be persuaded to participate and to buy a proper wardrobe, which he cannot afford with his wages. In this way, she was accepted into the dance societies of Ms. von Baldereck, which were intended as marriage initiation for noble girls. Anton follows his friend's instructions and cuts a fine figure. He meets Lenore again. Thanks to their friendliness, he gains increasing self-confidence and becomes a popular partner. On the other hand, he alienates himself from the circle of his colleagues. When he is confronted by Schröter because of the rumors, he reveals his situation to the aristocratic society and no longer takes part in the events, which he is very sorry about because of the acquaintance with Lenore. He immersed himself more intensively in his work and made friends with Ehrenthal's son Bernhard, a spiritual hermit who lived in seclusion in the middle of his library. When Fink said goodbye because of a large inheritance and wanted to take him to America with him, he refused and was granted further authorization in the trading house T. O. Schröter. Even Sabine, who proposes marriage to Fink, does not want to take the risk of following the adventurous and volatile man. Later (3rd book) Fink informed his friend in a letter that he was unhappy in his new life because of the tough competition and unscrupulous methods.
Meanwhile, Veitel Itzig is becoming more and more experienced in scouting out businesses, the creditworthiness of customers when granting loans and calculating possible bankruptcies. Veitel's neighbor in the seedy hostel of Löbel Pinkus is the formerly successful lawyer Hippus, who lost his good reputation and his law firm due to dishonest dealings. This now earns his living and his alcohol consumption by teaching in the law of exchange and the mortgage order. So he also lets Veitel in on the tricks of circumventing the law without breaking them. Veitel uses this knowledge and his secret investigations by buying mortgage notes from creditors that are actually worthless due to the debtor's bankruptcy. If the financial situation of the bankrupt z. B. improved through an inheritance, Veitel sues his claim and easily earns a lot of money. With his experience he rises to Ehrenthal's accountant, has insights into his business and uses this knowledge against the interests of his boss for his own projects.
Baron von Rothsattel has meanwhile got used to financial transactions with various brokers, e. B. by buying mortgage bonds on a property at Rosmin, and thus finances his social life in the city. Ehrenthal informs him of his neighbors' plan to build a sugar factory and encourages him to forestall them. He lends him the money for it. Veitel supports this project and wants to use it for himself by lending the landlord, who is increasingly losing track of his finances, behind the back of his boss through his straw man Pinkus, and thus increasing his debt burden. He speculates that the baron will not be able to repay the mortgage and that in the end he will have to cede to him the lock with the lands, which is entered in the bond as security.
Third book
In the third book, various developments enter their decision-making phase. When a revolution breaks out in Poland, Anton accompanies his boss to the unrest area in order to retrieve fourteen company freight cars that were confiscated by the rebels. After a dangerous journey through unsafe areas and persistent negotiations with still intact military authorities and monetary payments, most of the goods are finally returned. In a dispute in a caravanserai, Anton Schröter saves his life. While the injured boss leads the train back to Wroclaw under the protection of the Silesian troops who have come to their aid, Anton remains as the company's agent in Eastern Europe over the winter in order to rebuild the trade relations that were disrupted by the war. He returns to the trading house with new experiences and information about Rothsattel's bad economic situation and Itzig's intrigue. Because of his services, Schröter offers him the deputy position.
In the meantime, Rothsattel has borrowed more and more in order to repay the loan interest: not only with Ehrenthal, but also, without his knowledge, with his accountant Itzig, who betrays his boss and pursues his own goals. In addition, the sugar factory is underutilized because of a poor beet harvest and does not bring the calculated profit. Another loss is threatened by the imminent insolvency of a Polish property at Rosmin, for which the baron owns Pfandbriefe, which could now become worthless. In this situation, the creditors do not want to grant Rothsattel any further loans and insist on repayment. Anton's revelation of Itzig's role leads to a dispute between all those involved. Ehrental's son, a friend of Anton, turns away from his father and asks him to help Rothsattel. However, the latter does not want to forego his money and sees no possibility of saving the family seat, but is ready to bid on the Rosmin property for the baron. Bernhard dies a short time later of a lung disease. The father suffers from the rift as well as from the deceit of his accountant and is falling apart mentally and physically.
When Rothsattel realizes his hopeless situation, he wants to shoot himself, but is prevented from doing so by his wife. He survives the deflected shot but loses his sight. When Anton is asked by the baroness for help in the debt crisis, he says, out of friendship with the children, v. a. in Lenore, and takes on the task of the baron's agent and rentmaster. He tried to legally clarify the debt situation after the foreclosure auction of the family seat and sold the baroness's jewelry in order to preserve the Rosmin estate and make it profitable again. However, this leads to alienation from Schröter and the departure from the trading house, much to the suffering of the principal, who wanted to build him up to his successor, and Sabines, who overcame her inclination to Fink and fell in love with the mature Anton.
In the decision-making situations of the third book, the fundamentally different positions of the protagonists (honesty, greed and lust for pleasure) become clear. A central theme of the novel, the behavior of the correct and honest trader, is discussed by Anton and his friend Bernhard. Anton differentiates, von Ehrenthal “doesn't know a single act […] which is dishonorable in commercial terms”, he only knows “that he is counted among the large class of workers who do not ask very much about their business dealings their own advantage is bought by the losses of others [...] He will perhaps do some things that a businessman with a sure sense of himself avoids, but he will certainly also feel reluctance against much that unscrupulous speculators dare around him. "With this he refers to Itzig , of whom Bernhard says: "He is the villain [...] He is a mean, vile nature". Bernhard, who was interested in literature, criticized his father for working with such an accountant. He rejects his father's inheritance and would like to lead a different life: The father, who comes from a poor background, “thought of nothing but making a living. Nobody taught you anything else, your faith has excluded you from intercourse with those who understand better what gives value to life. "
The question of rescuing the noble landowner is answered differently for the two representatives of the bourgeois merchant class and ultimately leads to the separation of the two. While Anton tries to persuade his boss to support the bankrupt company out of sympathy for the baron's family, Schröter defends his work ethic with a clear claim to performance and judges Rothsattel harshly: “[He] r could only fall into the hands of the usurers because he lacked that which gives life to every person in the first place, a level-headed judgment and constant labor. […] A great many of our old established families have fallen into ruin, and it will not be a disaster for the state if they go under. [...] Where the strength ends in the family or in the individual, there the wealth should also stop, the money should roll freely into other hands, and the ploughshare should pass into another hand which knows how to lead it better ”
Fourth book
Anton travels to Rosmin with Karl Sturm, the son of the strong supercharger in the Schröters Packhof, who had to say goodbye to military service due to an injury, to inspect the castle, the goods and the property and to close the company as the baron's new administrator organize. Due to the debts of the previous owner, the entire economy is in poor condition, farm implements and animals have been stolen, the servants have not received any wages for a long time, many day laborers have left and most of the fields are not tilled. Anton sets the still functioning facilities going again and makes the castle habitable. Because the Rothsattels feel dishonored by the impending loss of their family property and are pushing for a quick move. In this bad mood they arrive in Rosmin and treat their representatives and employees in a cool and distant manner. The baron feels incapacitated because Anton controls the finances and has to contradict his wishes to buy expensive wines and fine horses. Only Lenore recognizes his achievement and is willing to help with the housekeeping, but does not have the stamina, does not keep the books regularly and prefers to take a break from riding or hunting. Anton clearly shows the big difference between the aristocratic claim to luxury and his bourgeois socialization. The two only come a little closer to each other again through the threat of insurgent Poles, who are taking action against German farmers and landowners in the mixed population of the province and are fighting for a Polish nation state. Anton organized the defense of his compatriots in Rosmin.
Veitel Itzig now has his own brokerage business and would like to connect with Ehrenthal by marrying his daughter Rosalie, but he has not yet processed the intrigue of his former accountant against him and the theft of his promissory notes and refuses. Under the influence of his wife, he finally has to accept the courtship of Itzig, who has become rich, for Rosalie, but rebels mentally deranged against it before the ceremony and drives the bridegroom away (6th book).
Fifth book
While Anton tries to gather strength to defend the German possessions, Fritz von Fink, who has not found the better land he had hoped for in America, appears in the castle and is immediately welcomed by Rothsattel as a comrade and welcomed as a guest. While the patriotic Anton emphasizes the German virtues of industriousness towards the Poles, Fink speaks from his greater knowledge of the world: "Wherever I've seen the Poles in foreign countries [...] I've always got on well with them. Now I am sorry that the tension here is making it so difficult to visit them in their homeland, because of course the best way to get to know people is to see them in their stakes. […] If one has observed all kinds of people, the final feeling is that people are very similar to one another everywhere. Slight difference in skin color and other ingredients, but love and hate, laughing and crying look pretty much the same everywhere. ”Because of his uncle's inheritance, Fink has returned as a rich man and wants to support Rothsattel by leasing a dry meadow from him to refine it by irrigation. Because after a ride across the fields he recognizes the potential of the property, which can be used in the long term if you make a start-up investment. Anton unsuccessfully advises both of them against the project because he considers the situation of the estate to be hopeless. But Fink, who is increasingly taking the initiative on the estate, comes to an agreement with the baron and hires workers for his project. Although their friendship is proven and strengthened in the joint work, Anton recognizes the energy and superiority of Fink in all endeavors and sees that he immediately got easy access to the noble family and is accepted as equal, while he feels increasingly strange and no hope has more to be treated as a friend by Rothsattel. His earlier fascination with the noble lifestyle and polite, elegant manners has given way to disillusionment.
Work on the estate is interrupted by the uprising of Poles throughout the province. The insurgents occupy German villages and estates and rob them. Families from the surrounding villages seek refuge in the castle. Anton and Fink, with a small group of armed men, prepare the defense against an approaching strong cavalry troop with infantry. An envoy on behalf of the Polish Central Committee, the new government, demands the handover of the castle and promises to leave. After Fink has rejected the demand on behalf of the owner with the argument that the property is private property and that he does not recognize the committee, a fight ensues at night. Attempts to set fire to the gate and storm the building are repelled. The next day, Prussian troops arrive and help drive away the attackers. Wounded and dead remain, among them Eugen von Rothsattel, who hurried to the aid of his family as a hussar.
Sixth book
Anton has to tell the baron that his son Eugen is deeply in debt and has even borrowed money from the hard-working loader Sturm with false promises to pay gambling debts. The latter reacts to this with displeasure, reproaches his manager for not informing him well and dismisses him. For Anton this is confirmation of his sobering experiences so far and he asks Fink to take over his duties. Fink sees the situation realistically and opens his friend's eyes: “Doing business for a fool who is not yet under the supervision of a man means making a fool of himself. [...] You have been such a fool. I don't have what it takes. ”He makes Rothsattel an offer to buy the property at current value and to cultivate it himself. He speaks openly with Lenore about her situation. He wants her to free herself from all the shackles of obligations, that they remain friends and that after a while she decides on a marriage with him. After Anton sold the family home at a good price in Wroclaw and the repayment of their debts, they got engaged.
Before Anton leaves, Rothsattel apologizes to him, following admonitions from Lenore and her mother. The baroness informs him of the theft of Ehrenthal's promissory notes and asks him to investigate the matter in Breslau and sell the castle. Anton promises to finish his last task and leaves the estate. “He was free now, free from the magic that had lured him here, free from many a prejudice [...] he had left the straight line of his life to work for others, and now he went to new work for himself looking, he had to start over. "
Anton returns to Breslau after a year’s absence and immediately goes to Schröter. He is reconciled with Sabine and, after a violent argument in which the principal, deeply offended by his departure, doubts the “purity of [his] commercial honor”, also with the former boss. Anton firmly rejects his allegations, arguing that “the purity of the man who fearfully withdraws from temptation is worthless, and if [he] has saved something from a year of hurt and bitter feelings, so [be] it just the pride that [he] himself was tested, and that [he] no longer acts like a boy out of instinct and habit, but as a man, according to principles. ”He wants Rothsattel to be a guest until the financial situation has been clarified live in the house and then look for a new job in another city. But he learns from Schröter that his sister has been a silent associate of the company since the death of her father and that an expansion of the trading house “TO Schröter und/07” is planned. She wants him as a partner and fiancé. Although he does not have any wealth to bring in, he is “vigorous youth and a proven sense”.
Anton buys information from the Galician traveling merchant Schmeie Tinkeles about Veitel's machinations, having commissioned Hippus to steal Rothsattel's promissory notes from Ehrenthal's office in order to influence the auctioning of the property in his favor. With this knowledge, Anton puts Itzig under pressure and asks a police officer for support. Hippus is monitored, he looks for shelter at Itzig, who promises him a hiding place and drowns him in the river next to the inn to prevent his confession. He begins to panic and sees ghosts. On the day of his engagement to Ehrenthal's daughter Rosalie, the police wanted him and drowned while trying to escape in the river. The promissory notes are found in house searches, and Anton can reach a settlement with the creditors. By selling the castle, the debts can be paid back and Rothsattel has a fortune left over.
main characters
Gustav Freytag divides the characters in the novel into three groups: on the one hand the bourgeois world , on the other hand the aristocratic world and the Jews .
- The hero of the novel is Anton Wohlfart. Its development runs over several stations towards one goal. In this process, which continues throughout the novel, Anton develops from his dreamy illusions to a bourgeois pragmatic view of life.
- The Schröter merchant family and the mature Anton Wohlfart represent Freytag's view of the ideal type of bourgeois businessman. They are characterized by order, honesty and civic virtues. Schröter represents, apparently as the author's mouthpiece, the conviction “that free work alone makes the life of the peoples great, safe and lasting.” Just as righteous and loyal to the strict Patriarch Traugott who cares for them are the clerks, the chargeers Sturm and his son Karl. There was a real role model for this idealized family: Gustav Freytag was a close friend of the Wroclaw merchant family Molinari, whose wholesale house under Theodor and Leo Molinari was one of the most important companies in Wroclaw in the 18th and 19th centuries.
- The Jewish broker Ehrenthal represents the trader striving for material wealth through speculation in money. His accountant Veitel Itzig is also scheming and dishonest. Ehrenthal's son Bernhard, who is interested in literature, distances himself from this way of life.
- The Rothsattel family stands for the nobility who lived beyond their means and ended in financial ruin. She lives privileged and feels superior to the bourgeoisie. Fritz von Fink is the urbane, pragmatic counter-figure. He doesn't think in terms of class boundaries, works in Schröter's office, proposes marriage to his sister, becomes friends with Anton and visits Ehrenthal's wife and children Rosalie and Bernhard with him.
criticism
Since the novel was published, the points of observation and assessment criteria of the critic have changed. Until the First World War, the positive assessment prevailed. Eduard Engel summarizes this mood in his History of German Literature . “The world of readers breathed a sigh of joy: instead of the idle, talkative, world-improving 'heroes' of the Young Germans, in Freytag's Soll und haben they finally got to see people who had a purpose in life. Nor was it offended that the hero Anton Wohlfart was of such uncanny intelligence and bravery [...] not capable of any righteous stupidity. One enjoyed the sure storytelling, the tight and clear plot, the restrained language without flowers. The German bourgeoisie had found their poet and rewarded him with a popularity that no novelist has enjoyed so consistently. "
From other critics, v. a. In connection with coming to terms with Nazi history in the 1970s, the author is accused of literary anti-Semitism : he used anti-Semitic stereotypes in debts and credit . For him, the Jews represented the group that by nature is only concerned with its own benefit. He gave them names that were perceived as “typical” (e.g. Veitel Itzig , Hirsch Ehrenthal, Schmeie Tinkeles, Mausche Fischel). In addition, Freytag shows a strong anti-Slavic stance. He accused the Poles of lack of culture and therefore denied them their ability to work. He sees an adaptation to the German bourgeoisie as an ideal, to whom he generally ascribes a higher level of proficiency at work. It is true that Freytag also allows Jewish and Polish characters to appear who behave contrary to his clichéd image, such as Bernhard, the intellectual son of Hirsch Ehrenthal and friend of Anton, who strongly condemns his father's greed for money and the unscrupulous business dealings of his father, or a Polish officer who Anton and his office protected several times from the Polish mob. However, these figures are in the minority and thus the “exceptions”, so they reinforce the respective stereotype. Other interpreters relativize Bernhard's role and see his death as confirmation of his minor importance for the plot and the author. Mark H. Gelber sees in him a representative of the world of the spirit in a world entirely determined by economic thinking.
Freytag's biographer, Zur Mühlen, sums up: "While Freytag's anti-Semitic portrayal by no means originated from an anti-Semitic attitude, his anti-Polish portrayal clearly bore propagandistic traits with which he wanted to legitimize the Polish division and Prussian rule over large parts of Poland."
Film adaptations
In 1924 the German silent film Soll und haben was made under the direction of Carl Wilhelm , with Hans Brausewetter , Mady Christians , Ernst Deutsch , Hugo Döblin , Karl Etlinger , Heinrich George , Olga Chekhova .
In 1977, Soll und haben should have been filmed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder , but this project was abandoned after a long debate regarding the anti-Semitism of the material.
expenditure
- Should and have. Novel in six volumes, Leipzig: Fikentscher, [1855].
- Should and have. Novel in six volumes, Leipzig: Hesse & Becker, [1855].
- Should and have. 3rd edition, Leipzig, 1855.
- Should and have. Novel in 6 books, Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1887.
- Should and have. Novel in six books. With an introduction by Emil Ermatinger , Braunschweig / Hamburg: Georg Westermann, 1926 [reprint 2009].
- Should and have. Novel in six books, Munich [a. a.]: Hanser, 1977.
- Should and have. Novel in six books. Through by Meinhard Hasenbein. With a follow-up by Hans Mayer , notes by Anne Anz. Complete Text based on the first edition Leipzig 1855, Munich: Dt. Taschenbuch-Verl., 1978 (dtv-Dünndr.-Edition 2044).
- Should and have. Novel in six books, Waltrop [u. a.]: Manuscriptum, 2002.
literature
- Peter Heinz Hubrich: Gustav Freytag's “German Ideology” in “Debit and Credit”. Scriptor-Verlag, Kronberg (Taunus) 1974. (= Scriptor-Hochschulschriften; Literaturwiss., Volume 3) ISBN 3-589-20042-1 .
- Martin Gubser: Literary anti-Semitism, studies on Gustav Freytag and other bourgeois writers of the 19th century. Wallstein, Göttingen 1998, ISBN 3-89244-259-2 (also dissertation at the University of Friborg 1997).
- Herbert Kaiser: Studies on the German novel after 1848. Karl Gutzkow: The knights of the spirit; Gustav Freytag: debit and credit; Adalbert Stifter: The late summer. Braun, Duisburg 1977. (= Duisburg University Contributions, Volume 8) ISBN 3-87096-137-6 .
- Michael Schneider: History as a figure. Forms of reality and reality of form in Gustav Freytag's novel “Debit and Credit”. Heinz, Stuttgart 1980. (= Stuttgart works on German studies, Volume 83) ISBN 3-88099-087-5 .
- Karin Wirschem: The search of the bourgeois individual for his destiny. Analysis and concept of the educational novel, developed using the example of Wilhelm Raabe's “ Hunger Pastor ” and Gustav Freytag's “Debit and Credit”. Lang, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 1986. (= Marburg German Studies, Volume 5) ISBN 3-8204-8962-2 .
- 150 years of debit and credit. Studies on Gustav Freytag's controversial novel. Edited by Florian Krobb. Königshausen and Neumann, Würzburg 2005, ISBN 3-8260-2714-0 .
- Christine Achinger: Divided Modernity. Gustav Freytag's debits and credits - nation, gender and image of the Jews, Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2007.
- Irmtraud Hnilica: In the magic circle of the great Libra. The romanticization of the bourgeois businessman in Gustav Freytag's debit and credit. Synchron Wissenschaftsverlag der Authors, Heidelberg 2012. ISBN 978-3-939381-44-0
Individual evidence
- ↑ Gerd Krumeich , Hartmut Lehmann : "God with us": Nation, religion and violence in the 19th and early 20th centuries . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000, ISBN 978-3-525-35478-0 , p. 74 f . ( google.de [accessed on May 14, 2017]).
- ^ Till van Rahden: Jews and other Breslauer: the relations between Jews, Protestants and Catholics in a large German city from 1860 to 1925 . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000, ISBN 978-3-525-35732-3 ( google.de [accessed on May 14, 2017]).
- ^ Eberhard Günter Schulz : Birthday speech for Hans-Joachim Kempe on his 60th birthday. (Held on June 13, 1995 at Silesia Castle in Königswinter-Heisterbacherrott) In: Specialized prose research - Transgressions of boundaries. Volume 8/9, 2012/2013 (2014), pp. 553–557, here: p. 556.
- ↑ Hans Otto Horch, Horst Denkler: Judaism, anti-Semitism and German-language literature from the 18th century to the First World War . Walter de Gruyter, 1989, ISBN 978-3-11-027622-0 , p. 130 ff . ( google.de [accessed on May 14, 2017]).
- ↑ Gerd Krumeich, Hartmut Lehmann: "God with us": Nation, religion and violence in the 19th and early 20th centuries . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000, ISBN 978-3-525-35478-0 , p. 74 ( google.de [accessed on May 14, 2017]).
- ↑ Max Baselt: Freytag House, formerly Molinari
- ↑ Kamienice przy Albrecht street 55 - 58. Pod number 56 mieściła się palarnia kawy i sklep Maxa Schönfeldera.
- ↑ Eduard Engel: History of German literature. 2nd volume. Leipzig 1907, p. 927.
- ↑ Gubser: Literarischer Antisemitismus, pp. 222–225.
- ↑ Mark H. Gelber: An Alternate Reading of the Role of the Jewish Scholar in Gustav Freytag's Soll und haben . In: The Germanic Review , Vol. LVIII, No. 2, 1983, pp. 83-88
- ^ Bernt Ture von zur Mühlen: Gustav Freytag. Biography. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2016, page 142. ISBN 978-3-8353-1890-8 .
- ↑ Tragic Itzig . In: Der Spiegel . No. 11 , 1977 ( online ).
- ↑ I have no dwarfs in the garden . SPIEGEL interview with WDR director von Sell . In: Der Spiegel . No. 19 , 1977 ( online ).
