Sondra (genus)
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Sondra is a spider - genus of the family of jumping spiders (Salticidae). The genus is common in Australia . It lives in the rainforests on the ground in fallen leaves.
description
The species of the genus Sondra are rather small jumping spiders, a few millimeters to less than an inch long. The body is elongated, the eye field occupies around half of the top of the carapace . Two pairs of eyes are directed forward, the front middle pair of eyes is the largest. The posterior lateral and median eyes are approximately equidistant from each other on the edge of the carapace. This is more box-shaped than pear-shaped like the other genera. The eyes do not have a noticeably colored border.
The body color is mostly dark brown to gray-brown, the females have a dark orange median stripe on the cephalothorax in some species .
The jaw claws have two rows of teeth, so Sondra belongs to the group of pluridentati within the jumping spiders. The first pair of legs is not much longer than the second.
The palpal organ of males is pear-shaped, the embolus is curved dagger-like and pointed. On the tibia of the palps there is an antler-like branched or lobed process. These complicated shapes are typical of the Sondra genus , while other genera often only have a thickening or a thorn at this point. The female epigyne has a lobe behind .
distribution
All species of the genus Sondra are native to Australia. Their distribution depends on the climatic zones of the continent. Nine species are only found in the state of Queensland , three only in New South Wales , Sondra nepenthicola is common in both states. So far, Sondra samambrayi has only been found in the state of South Australia , Sondra tristicula in Western Australia . Many species are only endemic to a very small area .
species
The genus Sondra comprises 15 species since 2002:
- Sondra aurea ( L. Koch , 1880) ( New South Wales ), formerly Astia aurea or Arasia aurea
- Sondra bickeli Zabka, 2002 (New South Wales)
- Sondra bifurcata Wanless, 1988 ( Queensland )
- Sondra brindlei Zabka, 2002 (New South Wales)
- Sondra bulburin Wanless, 1988 (Queensland)
- Sondra convoluta Wanless, 1988 (Queensland)
- Sondra damocles Wanless, 1988 (Queensland)
- Sondra excepta Wanless, 1988 (Queensland)
- Sondra finlayensis Wanless, 1988 (Queensland)
- Sondra littoralis Wanless, 1988 (Queensland)
- Sondra nepenthicola Wanless, 1988 (Queensland, New South Wales)
- Sondra raveni Wanless, 1988 (Queensland)
- Sondra samambrayi Zabka, 2002 ( South Australia )
- Sondra tristicula ( Simon , 1909) ( Western Australia ), formerly Astia tristicula
- Sondra variabilis Wanless, 1988 (Queensland)
Systematics and taxonomy
The genus Sondra belongs to a related grouping within the jumping spiders around the genus Astia , which was introduced by Simon in 1901 under the name Astieae. In 1988, Fred R. Wanless revised this group and established several new genera, including the Sondra genus . Type of the genus is Sondra nepenthicola . In the same work he added ten new species to this genus. Marek Żabka described three more new species in 2002 and also placed A. aurea, first described by L. Koch as Astia aurea and assigned to the genus Arasia by Wanless, in the genus Sondra .
literature
- Fred R. Wanless: A revision of the spider group Astieae (Araneae: Salticidae) in the Australian region . New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 15, pp. 81-172, 1988
- Marek Žabka: Salticidae (Arachnida: Araneae) from the Oriental, Australian and Pacific regions, XV. New species of Astieae from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum, 54, 3, pp. 257-268, 2002
Web links
Sondra in the World Spider Catalog
- Astieae at Arachne Australia
Individual evidence
- ↑ Valerie Todd Davies & Marek Žabka: Illustrated keys to the genera of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) in Australia. Memories of the Queensland Museum, 27, 2, pp. 189-266; Brisbane 1989, pp. 194-213
- ^ Marek Žabka: Salticidae (Arachnida: Araneae) from the Oriental, Australian and Pacific regions, XV. New species of Astieae from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum, 54, 3, pp. 257-268, 2002, p. 264
- ^ Norman I. Platnick: Salticidae . In: The World Spider Catalog, Version 11.5, American Museum of Natural History, 2011