City fire of Donaueschingen 1908
The fire in Donaueschingen on August 5, 1908 destroyed 200 houses. Within five hours, a third of the city's buildings fell into flames. A total of 160 houses and 170 agricultural properties were destroyed, including workshops, barns and small businesses. State authorities such as the tax office, the official prison and the town hall were also a victim of the flames. 220 families with around 600 people lost their homes. No people were killed. This catastrophe led to a wave of helpfulness in Germany. Within just three years, part of the city was rebuilt, partly in Art Nouveau style .
Donaueschingen around 1900
Donaueschingen in southern Baden was elevated to a town in 1810. Many public buildings were built in the 19th century, such as B. the town hall in 1838, the tax office in 1892 and the district court prison in 1854. During this time it gained importance as a location for authorities and as a marketplace. Donaueschingen had almost 4,000 inhabitants at the beginning of the 20th century. At that time, the city still had its former village character. Only a few streets in the area between City Hall, Lehenstrasse, Wasserstrasse and Stadtkirche were denser, the remaining streets were loosely developed. Handicraft businesses such as saddlers, carpenters, furriers and retail stores such as hardware stores, mail order businesses and clothing stores attracted customers from the surrounding area. The Fürstlich-Fürstenberg brewery also had its seat here. The town had been the seat of the Fürstenberg princes , who built their castle here , since the 18th century . Houses with stepped gables and shingle roofs were typical of the area .
In Donaueschingen there had been some major fires before 1900, the Baden press lists around two dozen fires in the 19th century. On January 24, 1849, six houses burned down in Herdgasse, and in 1856 the Hotel Zum Adler in the city center burned down . That was the reason to set up a volunteer fire brigade in 1858.
Kaiser Wilhelm II visited the court of Donaueschingen a total of 14 times and took part in court hunts and family celebrations. He was a fellow student and friend of Prince Max Egon II zu Fürstenberg .
Origin of the fire
August 5th, Wednesday, was a very hot day. There had been a dry spell for a long time. A very strong wind was blowing that dried everything up. Coincidentally, the state of the city is precisely documented on that day. A balloon had passed over the city around noon and took photos from a height of around 3000 meters.
The adult son of the widow Engeßer returned to his house in the lower Käferstrasse at noon that day. He lived there in a stepped gable house typical of the area with a living and an economic area. At 2:15 p.m. he discovered a fire in the annex where fresh hay was stored. With the help of the innkeeper of the restoration Kuttruff (today Hotel Ochsen ) and some Italians working nearby, they tried to put out the fire with buckets of water. That failed, whereupon they alerted the fire department after about a quarter of an hour. Residents on Käferstrasse started calling for help at 2:30 p.m. City architect Mack saw smoke rising from the town hall and let the fire bell ring. The Catholic and Protestant town churches also let the bells ring.
course
The citizens of the city ran to the syringe house on Lehenstrasse, equipped themselves with pumps, hoses and fire-fighting equipment and took them to the scene of the fire. There the shingle roof and the back of the Engeßer farmhouse were already on fire. By the time the pumps were connected to the hydrant, the whole house was on fire.
Since it hadn't rained for weeks, no more water came out of the water pipes. The water reservoirs were also empty. The citizens therefore formed a chain to the nearby Brigach in order to bring the water with buckets. Due to the weeks of drought, the shingle roofs were completely parched. The strong wind blew burning shingles onto the roofs of the neighboring houses. More and more houses ignited in quick succession. The connected houses were separated by fire gables, but they offered no protection.
The district was mostly inhabited by farmers. Soon the houses of the Mäder and Strohmayer families were in flames, then the house of master saddler Heinrich Cron and the restaurant Zum Roten Ochsen . After 15 minutes, three other houses burned, this time in Karlstrasse diagonally across from the court pharmacy. Now the fire brigade had to fight fires in two different locations. The Gasthaus Zur Traube was around 200 meters from the source of the fire. Only 30 minutes after the fire broke out, this house was also on fire.
In the meantime it was clear that the fire could not be mastered and that outside help was needed: the fire departments of the neighboring cities were informed via the telegraph of the Grand Ducal Baden District Office. The Bräunlingen fire brigade was one of the first to arrive at the fire site. Now several streets were on fire at the same time. The houses on the entire Käferstrasse, Herdstrasse, Rosenstrasse and Wasserstrasse were on fire. The houses in the upper part of Mühlenstrasse also caught fire. With horses and carts, suction and pressure pumps were brought in, with which water could be pumped out of the Brigach.
The Käferstraße, approximately from the intersection with the Wöhrdenstraße or Wasserstraße. On the left the Marie Engesser estate, the source of the fire. Next to it, in the center of the picture, the ruins of the Kuttruff restoration. In the far right the official prison with the distinctive tower.
Postcard (without inscription). Biergasse [Zeppelinstraße], downhill, left (east) side. The dominant house, to the right of the center, is that of the glazier Friedrich Mayer, house number 200, (inscription "Frd. Mayer Glaser").
At the town hall ruins (corner of Rathausplatz / Villinger Straße), military aid teams have posed for a souvenir photo. Pioneers from Pioneer Battalion 14 from Kehl in light uniforms, soldiers from Infantry Regiment 114 from Konstanz in dark uniforms. (The facades at this corner have already been torn down to the ground floor.)
Postcard from the fire disaster in Donaueschingen in 1908
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Due to the strong wind, the burning houses on Käferstrasse and Rosenstrasse set fire to the houses on Bierstrasse (today's Zeppelinstrasse). Soon afterwards, two more houses burned down in what was then Eisenbahnstrasse (today Max-Egon-Strasse). An hour after the fire broke out, the Sparkasse, the prison and the town hall in the center of the city also caught fire. The house of the Grand Ducal Baden Tax Collection (the tax office), which was only ten years old, was destroyed by flames. The fire spread further along the lower Lehenstrasse and Villinger Strasse.
More fire brigades were called in because of fear for the entire city. The fire brigades from Villingen, St. Georgen, Triberg and Löffingen arrived at the station with special trains. They tried to fight the fires with water from the Brigach, the source of the Danube, and even from manure pits. The city had put a high-pressure water pipeline into operation in 1892, but the water reservoirs of the Schellenberg and Buchberg were empty. The wells did not provide any water either.
The houses on Hauptgasse / Schmiedgasse (today Karlstrasse) caught fire from Bierstrasse. The Adler Gasthaus fell in flames. Other restaurants and houses in these streets could not be saved either: the Rasina drugstore , the Conzelmann family's Zur Schmiede inn, the Zum Engel inn and the Zum Auerhahn inn . The Beda-Seidel iron shop (now the Thedy business building) also burned out. At 4 p.m. the tower and roof of the town hall burned. Houses on Mühlenstrasse and the lower part of Villinger Strasse began to burn. The last house to be destroyed was the Zur Linde inn on eastern Karlstrasse.
210 firefighters from Donaueschingen were involved in the fire fighting, mostly members of the voluntary fire brigade that was founded after the fire at the Adler inn in 1856. The compulsory team consisted of 140 men who operated hand pumps and procured water. A total of 1,850 firefighters were on duty during the fire. The fire brigades came from all the surrounding villages of the Baar . 40 suction and pressure pumps were in use. 31 water carts with carters and teams helped to fight the fire. They also brought hydrant trolleys, standpipes, and ladders. With their support, an even greater catastrophe could be prevented. The fire brigade was well equipped, also because the mayor Hermann Fischer was the fire brigade commander before his election.
Support came from the brewery fire brigade of the Fürstenberg brewery. With their help, the fire could be prevented from spreading to the nearby brewery and other parts of the city. The fire had grown to such an extent that all attempts were made to save the cattle and belongings. Due to the strong wind and flying sparks, the fire brigade was ultimately helpless and was sometimes only able to protect itself by fleeing. The farmers were busy harvesting and had a long walk to town. They could only pass out and watch the city and its houses burn down. At 5:30 p.m. the situation was hopeless and the fires could no longer be brought under control.
Between 6 p.m. and 7 p.m., a strong thunderstorm brought rain and hailstorms. This put out existing fires. The shingle roofs got wet and couldn't easily catch fire. Existing embers were contained. Around 9 p.m., a strong wind set in again, which again brought the risk of the fire spreading again. But this could be prevented until 10 p.m. The city fire lasted a total of five hours, so that every minute another building went up in flames during this time. Fires had to be put out until late at night. After 14 hours there was only a gloomy ruined city left.
Immediate consequences
At the end of the day, Arnold was only able to report in a telegram to Constance:
"The fire has spread to the whole city, so that after a thunderstorm, despite a plentiful crew and a lack of water, a considerable part of the city cannot be saved."
At 5:35 p.m. a telegram was sent to the Grand Ducal District Office, requesting that 100 soldiers be sent with entrenchment equipment and explosives to support the fire fighting. That evening at 8:54 p.m., around 100 soldiers from the first company of the 114th Infantry Regiment of the Constance garrison arrived by train . They took over the fire watch and replaced the firefighters. A few days later a 30-man command from Pioneer Battalion No. 14 arrived from Kehl . They should tear down and blow up the ruins to prevent accidents. This work was carried out by August 20th.
600 people from Donaueschingen were left homeless as a result of the fire. Emergency quarters had to be organized for them, food and clothing had to be procured. Many stayed with relatives and friends in the surrounding villages. The Baden Red Cross set up beds in the festival hall . Max Egon II. Prince zu Fürstenberg provided living space. In the large riding arena, emergency stables were set up for the cattle, hay and straw were provided. The prince also donated 40,000 marks as first aid, of which 6,000 marks were distributed immediately. His wife Irma set up a soup kitchen to take care of the homeless, helpers and craftsmen. Towards evening the prince went from shop to shop with a crowd to buy clothes and food. Emergency shelters were set up in the festival hall. Barracks were built along the Brigach for the homeless.
On the weekend after the great fire, onlookers visited the city, which was destroyed by the fire, to view the ruins of the fire. A reporter for the Baden press reported: “Many thousands from the near and far vicinity of Donaueschingen have visited the fire site. The trains brought innumerable flocks from early morning to late afternoon. When the 'fire trippers' wanted to return home in the evening hours, frightening scenes took place in the station concourse. ”The crowd of thousands who wanted to leave the city was almost life-threatening at the station. Many who had come to a counter withdrew without having achieved anything because the card they asked for was not available. The number of visitors to the fire site on Sunday was estimated at 15-20,000 to 40,000, so that there was also a crowd in the burned streets.
damage
Almost all files of the district court and the mayor's office were destroyed. Most of the files such as wills, marriage and inheritance contracts that were kept in the notary's office in the town hall were burned. Large stocks of coal and wood were stored in the basement of the town hall, and they continued to burn on the following day. The notarial staff had to restore the files. The files of the land registry also had to be reconstructed. For the restoration of the burned wills and other files of the Grand Ducal District Court, consultation hours were set up with the notary on Sundays and public holidays.
Many of the houses that burned down were not insured. The damage totaled 2,000,000 marks. A total of 29 insurance companies had to settle 299 claims. The amount of compensation totaled 938,388.79 Reichsmarks. A large part of the compensation was paid out in August and in the first half of September. A reporter for the Baden press estimated that around 300,000 marks in cash were also said to have been lost, and the fire damage to buildings alone should reach almost 1,800,000 marks.
The house of the savings and orphanage bank burned down completely. However, the savings bank's cash register had withstood the fire well. Most of the money could be saved.
causes
The fact that a fire in one house could spread to the whole city in such a short time was also an object of the investigation back then. Several reasons have been identified for this:
- The fire brigade was only alerted 15 minutes after the start of the fire, so that the fire had already spread to the main building when the fire brigade arrived.
- The water supply collapsed within a few minutes at the start of the extinguishing work. The high-pressure water pipeline from Donaueschingen was fed by two chambers with a capacity of 100 m³ each. One chamber was intended for permanent use. The other chamber of the elevated tank, intended as a fire reserve, should always be filled, but contrary to the regulations, it was not. The springs delivered a quantity of 7 liters per second, but only 4 liters per second in dry times. The city therefore suffered from a lack of water in dry times. The fire brigade made the city administration aware of this intolerable situation, which in the event of a fire would have serious consequences. On August 5th there was again a lack of water in the city. Some households stopped running water. On the morning of the day of the fire, the water supply in several streets in parts of the city failed. The reason was a leak in the Hagelrain area. According to the well builder, both chambers were about half full on the morning of the fire. When the son of the well builder rushed to the water basins when the fire started to tap the water from the fire reserve, he found the chamber for the service water completely empty, the reserve chamber was filled with approx. 75 m³ of water. He wanted to solve the problem by opening the valve for the water supply from Allmendshofen, but was not informed that four other valves had to be closed beforehand. That is why the remaining water in the elevated tank flowed off to Allmendshofen. It was no longer possible to pump the water back because the first overhead lines for the power supply had already fallen to the ground and the electricity company had switched off the electricity to avoid accidents.
- The rooftops of the city played a large part in the course of the fire. Many were shingle roofs or shingle roofs covered with tiles, which insulate well in the cold winters. Shingles give off gas in high heat. This gas forms a mixture with dust that collects under the bricks. A roof will be on fire in a short time if this mixture ignites.
Reactions and calls for donations
On the same day the prince sent a telegram to Kaiser Wilhelm II, who was in Stockholm at the time:
"To His Majesty the Emperor Berlin I humbly report to your Majesty, with deeply troubled hearts, that almost half of our city Donaueschingen has burned down. Hundreds of people are homeless. Fortunately, the castle and brewery have remained intact. Your Majesty, in deep awe, obedient [sic] servants "
The emperor telegraphed the mayor Fischer:
"I just found out about the serious fire accident that affected the city of Donaueschingen and I express my warmest sympathy to you and the citizens."
The Grand Duchess Luise von Baden sent her condolences from Tullgarn Castle in Sweden:
“To the mayor of the city of Donaueschingen. Here in the distance I experience the grave misfortune that afflicted Donaueschingen and I would like to express my sincere sympathy to you all in this affliction which I find very sad.
The mayor replied:
"For Your Royal Highness the most gracious and beneficial participation in our visitation, which the guarantee has deeply touched and will strengthen us in the great misfortune, I extend the most loyal and most respectful thanks on behalf of the fire victims and the whole city."
Soon after, she arranged for clothing to be sent from Karlsruhe.
That evening it was clear to those responsible that the city should be rebuilt. They were also aware that the reconstruction could only succeed with the support of donors. A committee was set up the next day to deal with the reconstruction. It consisted of the mayor Hermann Fischer, the chief magistrate Dr. Lukas Strauss from the Baden government, the Catholic parish priest K. Bauer, the Catholic parish priest Dr. Heinrich Feurstein and the Princely Chamber President Dänzer. Dr. Ostrich.
On the morning of August 6, the Baden Minister of the Interior, von Bodman, visited Donaueschingen, found out about the extent of the damage and discussed the preliminary measures with the authorities involved. He reported this to the Baden state parliament in Karlsruhe and asked for support for these measures.
The surrounding towns and villages donated hay to bring the farmers' animals through. Instead of money, "gifts of love" such as furniture, crockery, food and clothes from all over Baden and Württemberg were sent to the Aid Committee. The names of the donors were published in the newspapers.
The emperor had a call published in the Berlin newspapers asking for donations. The North German Aid Committee for Donaueschingen was founded at his instigation . It called on the residents of northern Germany to “show the severely afflicted by means of quick and active help that there is no difference between north and south, certainly not when it comes to helping and saving”. The appeal asked for food, economic items and unworn clothing. These should be handed over to the municipal heating halls set up as a depot or they were picked up by a freight forwarder free of charge. Donations were also asked for. The royal railway transported the goods to Donaueschingen free of charge. By October 3, the North German Aid Committee had transferred 160,000 marks. The shoemaker Wilhelm Voigt, known as " Captain von Köpenick ", also sold postcards signed by him in Berlin to collect donations.
The second report that dominated the news at this time was the explosion of the Count von Zeppelin's Zeppelin LZ4 in Echterdingen on the same day. This disaster met with a very positive response in Germany and triggered a wave of helpfulness. This zeppelin donation by the German people raised six million marks. The Count von Zeppelin also knew about the fire in Donaueschingen and donated the sum of 1,000 marks from his donations.
In the rest of Germany, the daily newspapers reported on the fire disaster. They called for donations and published the names of the donors. Benefit events were held in theaters and concert halls for the “burned down” from Donaueschingen. After just two months, around 160,000 marks had been donated. The total damage amounted to about 2,000,000 marks. Half of this could be covered by donations, around 10% from Berlin. The donations were collected in an aid fund. The committee was also responsible for distributing the aid funds. These donations were used to purchase household items and to rebuild the burned down houses. The subsidies for the fire victims were set individually, taking into account the construction costs and the amount of compensation from the insurance company. The relief operation lasted until the end of 1908. On December 31, the money was distributed to 500 fire victims.
| donation | amount |
|---|---|
| In kind | 60,000 marks |
| Donations outside the relief fund | 40,000 marks |
| Donations within the relief fund | 1,038,000 marks |
| Donation amount | 1,138,000 marks |
| output | amount |
|---|---|
| Barracks | 100,000 marks |
| Immediate monetary assistance | 8,000 marks |
| Catering (also external helpers) | 10,000 marks |
| Reserve for traders | 20,000 marks |
| To the city for their fire damage | 200,000 marks |
| For the insured driving damage | 149,841 marks |
| For uninsured damage caused by driving | 47,293 marks |
| For clearing work | 75,000 marks |
| For private building damage | 297,690 marks |
| Reserve for special emergencies | 125,000 marks |
reconstruction
"With all the help"
The Reconstruction Committee worked to ensure that those damaged by the fire could move into new houses as quickly as possible. A meeting of the owners of the burned down houses in the museum hall was announced on August 9th. The burned down should be decided whether they wanted to rebuild their property on the previous places. They were advised to "build quickly, cheaply and beautifully" as possible.
The architect Carl Luckerscheiter was sent to Donaueschingen to discuss the reconstruction. The government in Karlsruhe supported the reconstruction by making the structural engineering consultant Prof. August Stürzenacker available to support the commission. Many architects from Baden set up offices in order to be able to advise the clients. The houses were planned by the architects in Art Nouveau style , but in simplified forms for reasons of cost. The building authorities did not provide any precise guidelines on how the houses were to be built. This is how the typical "Donaueschingen Art Nouveau" was created. The Fürstenberg construction inspector and professor at the Karlsruhe Academy, Josef Graf, played a key role in carrying out the construction work. Graf's style was based on the then modern Art Nouveau form and, as he himself writes, "a painterly solution that is reminiscent of the best pictures of medieval cities". They wanted to build new houses for the homeless as quickly as possible. Despite the necessary speed, a new architecture should set urban accents. Thus, the Donaueschingen Art Nouveau became "an interesting synthesis of medieval building references, Art Nouveau-like ornaments and cubic structures that already refer to the Bauhaus". (Even today, local building regulations ensure that, in addition to the preservation of individual historical buildings, the culturally significant entirety of the characteristic features of the inner city area is safeguarded. The reconstruction also wanted to achieve a better urban development quality they wanted to build their houses at the old location or whether they would be willing to move to a new building site so that the city could develop further.
| date | event |
|---|---|
| 5.8.1908 | City fire, 200 houses are destroyed |
| August 11, 1908 | Grand Duke Friedrich II visits the city with his wife |
| 10/17/1908 | The first house is ready to move into |
| 9.11. - November 17, 1908 | Visit of Kaiser Wilhelm II. |
| December 31, 1908 | Completion of the relief operation |
| February 26, 1909 | The result of the competition for the new town hall has been determined |
| 9/28/1909 | Farewell party for Mayor Hermann Fischer |
| October 18, 1909 | Visit of Grand Duke Friedrich II. |
| 11/30/1909 | Opening of the new Rasina building |
| January 16, 1910 | Opening of Gasthaus Adler |
| 9/28/1910 | Sparkasse opens again |
| May 19, 1910 | Foundation stone laid for the town hall |
| 10/25/1910 | Handover of the new building of the grand ducal district court |
| 1.12.1910 | House mall ready to move into |
| December 4, 1911 | Inauguration of the new town hall building |
The reconstruction took three years. It was helpful that a development plan for the further development of the city had been approved two years earlier. Originally, this plan was intended to ensure the continued development of the city. Roads should also be widened and straightened. Many local craftsmen worked in the town, which was turned into a huge construction site during this time. To do this, the ruins first had to be torn down and the rubble disposed of. Streets were straightened. The material from the burned down houses was partly used as filling material for the new streets. Following a resolution by the municipal council on September 4, 1908, Bierstraße was renamed Zeppelinstraße and Eisenbahnstraße was renamed Max-Egon-Straße.
After just one year, 79 of the 125 destroyed houses had been rebuilt.
At the suggestion of Prof. Stürzenacker, a competition was announced to obtain artistically suitable and well thought-out plans. The board of directors of the Spar- und Waisenkasse also joined. The aim was that the town hall square should offer a harmonious image by working out the designs together. Prizes totaling 5,000 marks were advertised, of which the Sparkasse took over half. On February 26, 1909, the result of the competition was certain. The winner of the first prize, which was awarded 2,000 marks, was the “Heimatkunst” design by the architect Eugen Beck from Karlsruhe. The plans were exhibited in the Sparkasse in March. However, none of the designs were suitable for execution. A complete reworking of the facades as well as the floor plans for the town hall and savings bank was considered necessary. As with other buildings, the construction management was carried out by the architect Wilhelm Vittali . On May 19, 1910, the foundation stone for the new town hall was laid. At this point in time, almost all of the destroyed buildings and houses had been restored and most of them had been inhabited again. Speeches were given by the new mayor Schön and Prince Max-Egon zu Fürstenberg. After 18 months of construction, the town hall was inaugurated on December 4, 1911. Grand Duke Friedrich II of Baden also took part in the inauguration ceremony .
literature
- Ernst Zimmermann: 1908 - Donaueschingen is on fire . Book accompanying the exhibition from July 19 to August 2 in Donauhalle B in Donaueschingen. City of Donaueschingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-00-025199-3 .
- Klaus Weber: Fateful day for Donaueschingen - city fire on August 5th, 1908. Documentation by Klaus Weber Ed .: Community Foundation Donaueschingen. October 2018. Compilation from excerpts from the DONAUESCHINGER TAGEBLATT for the period 1908–1911.
- Oskar Baumeister: The great fire in Donaueschingen on Aug. 5, 1908 . A. Meder 1926
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Ernst Zimmermann: 1908 - Donaueschingen burns .
- ^ Badische Presse, noon edition. August 6, 1908, p. 4 , accessed September 20, 2020 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Georg Goerlipp: Almanach 2009 . In: Landratsamt Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis (Hrsg.): Home book of the Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis . 33rd episode, ISBN 978-3-927677-55-5 , pp. 114-127 .
- ^ Ernst Zimmermann: 1908 - Donaueschingen is burning . S. 13 .
- ^ Klaus Weber: Fateful Day for Donaueschingen - city fire on August 5, 1908 . S. 27 .
- ↑ a b c Ernst Zimmermann: 1908 - Donaueschingen burns . S. 22 .
- ^ Ernst Zimmermann: 1908 - Donaueschingen is burning . S. 24 .
- ↑ a b c d Local building regulations for the Art Nouveau and residential area. City of Donaueschingen, May 2009, accessed on August 27, 2020 .
- ↑ http://www.landesarchiv-bw.de/plink/?f=5-183695-10
- ^ A b Ernst Zimmermann: 1908 - Donaueschingen burns . S. 32 .
- ^ Klaus Weber: Fateful Day for Donaueschingen - city fire on August 5, 1908 . S. 4 .
- ^ Ernst Zimmermann: 1908 - Donaueschingen is burning . S. 33 .
- ^ A b Klaus Weber: Fateful Day for Donaueschingen - city fire on August 5, 1908 . S. 3 .
- ^ Badische Presse, noon edition. Badische Presse, August 7, 1908, p. 4 , accessed on September 18, 2020 .
- ↑ a b Badische Presse, noon edition. Badische Presse, August 10, 1908, p. 3 , accessed on September 14, 2020 .
- ^ Badische Presse, noon edition. August 12, 1908, p. 3 , accessed September 18, 2020 .
- ^ Ernst Zimmermann: 1908 - Donaueschingen is burning . S. 36 .
- ^ Ernst Zimmermann: 1908 - Donaueschingen is burning . S. 44 .
- ^ Klaus Weber: Fateful Day for Donaueschingen - city fire on August 5, 1908 . S. 94 .
- ^ Klaus Weber: Fateful Day for Donaueschingen - city fire on August 5, 1908 . S. 198 .
- ^ Badische Presse, noon edition. Badische Presse, August 7, 1908, p. 4 , accessed on September 15, 2020 .
- ^ Klaus Weber: Fateful Day for Donaueschingen - city fire on August 5, 1908 . S. 499-502 .
- ↑ a b c Ernst Zimmermann: 1908 - Donaueschingen burns . S. 39 .
- ↑ a b c d Ernst Zimmermann: 1908 - Donaueschingen burns . S. 71 .
- ↑ a b c Klaus Weber: Fateful Day for Donaueschingen - city fire on August 5, 1908 . S. 11 .
- ^ Badische Presse, noon edition. In: 1908-08-07. P. 1 , accessed on September 22, 2020 .
- ^ Klaus Weber: Fateful Day for Donaueschingen . S. 79 .
- ^ Klaus Weber: Fateful Day for Donaueschingen - city fire on August 5, 1908 . S. 77-78 .
- ^ Klaus Weber: Fateful Day for Donaueschingen - city fire on August 5, 1908 . S. 163 .
- ^ Advertisement from "Captain von Köpenick" about a sales campaign for his postcards in Berlin, the proceeds are intended for the reconstruction of Donau-Eschingen. German Digital Library, accessed on August 29, 2020 .
- ^ Ernst Zimmermann: 1908 - Donaueschingen is burning . S. 72 .
- ^ Klaus Weber: Fateful Day for Donaueschingen - city fire on August 5, 1908 . S. 12, 29 .
- ↑ Quotation from: Ehrenfried Kluckert, Art Nouveau - a Donaueschingen architectural style primer
- ^ Ernst Zimmermann: 1908 - Donaueschingen is burning . S. 66 .
- ^ Ernst Zimmermann: 1908 - Donaueschingen is burning . S. 67 .
- ↑ Development plan for the city of Donaueschingen. Retrieved on September 3, 2020 (State Archive Baden-Württemberg, Department General State Archive Karlsruhe, H district plans).
- ^ Ernst Zimmermann: 1908 - Donaueschingen is burning . S. 65 .
- ^ Ernst Zimmermann: 1908 - Donaueschingen is burning . S. 69 .
- ^ Klaus Weber: Fateful Day for Donaueschingen . S. 105 .
- ^ Ernst Zimmermann: 1908 - Donaueschingen is burning . S. 70 .
- ^ Klaus Weber: Fateful Day for Donaueschingen - city fire on August 5, 1908 . S. 179 .
- ^ Klaus Weber: Fateful Day for Donaueschingen - city fire on August 5, 1908 . S. 233 .
- ^ Klaus Weber: Fateful Day for Donaueschingen - city fire on August 5, 1908 . S. 242 .
