Stones and earth
The collective term -metallic minerals (including inorganic non-ferrous metal ores called), various non- metallic , mineral -abiogene and mineral-biogenic raw materials summarized.
What these so-called substances have in common is that they are extracted from deposits in the earth's crust using mining methods (mostly open-cast mining ) and refined or further processed into technical products through mechanical treatment and / or thermal treatment ( fire ).
Much of the stone and earth is used as an additive or binder in the production of mineral building and materials used. A smaller part is used for special applications in various industrial and chemical companies.
Many stones and earths are mixed minerals , with the exception of industrial minerals and some binders, which are predominantly mono- mineral .
Mining rock and potash salt , although it is also not ore, is traditionally not counted among the stones and earths.
Classification
The stones and earth can be roughly divided as follows:
-
Bulk raw materials :
- Soft rocks : sand , gravel
- Broken minerals , especially from hard rock (basalt, granite, ...)
- Binder:
- Cement → concrete , mortar , ...
- Carbonate / limestone → quicklime
- Gypsum / anhydrite stone
- Clay minerals / kaolin → ceramics
- Quartz sand → glass
- Natural stone
- Industrial minerals for special applications
The terms bulk raw materials and industrial minerals are sometimes also broadly defined and used as a generic term for other stones and earths.
literature
- Otto Sickenberg: stones and earth. The deposits and their management. Geology and deposits of Lower Saxony, 5th volume. Dorn-Verlag, Bremen, Horn 1951, pp. 125ff.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Stones and Earth. Technical University of Applied Sciences Georg Agricola for raw materials, energy and the environment in Bochum, archived from the original on September 28, 2011 ; Retrieved January 11, 2011 .
- ^ State Office for Geology and Mining of the State of Saxony-Anhalt: Stone and Earth Mining
- ↑ a b c Stone-and-earth-deposits. GeoDataZone, archived from the original on May 18, 2012 ; Retrieved January 11, 2011 .
- ↑ a b Stones and earth - more than a building material. (PDF; 597 kB) Federal Association of Building Materials - Stones and Earths, accessed on January 11, 2011 .
- ↑ a b Professorship for Applied Geology at the Institute for Geotechnics at the TU Dresden : Lecture material - Mineral raw materials - 4. Usable rocks and industrial minerals