Adolf Hitler raiding party

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The Shock Troop Adolf Hitler (also: Shock Troop Hitler ) was founded in May 1923 in Munich and was originally a group of Adolf Hitler's bodyguards . The shock troop played a role in the Hitler putsch and, like the NSDAP, was banned shortly afterwards. The SS emerged in April 1925 as the successor organization to the shock troop . On the orders of Hitler, 40 former members initiated the November pogroms 1938 on November 9th , by setting off from a “comradeship evening” in the old town hall in Munich late in the evening to act as “spearheads in the anti-Jewish riots” in Munich, whereby they among other things set fire to the Ohel Jakob synagogue .

The raiding party

It was not uncommon for violent clashes to occur at NSDAP meetings. As a special elite unit of the SA, which had already existed since November 1920, a "hall protection" with the designation staff guard was founded in March 1923 . It was a small group of only a few men in gray jackets and hats. They wore the skull symbol on their hats and swastika armbands with a black border on their arms. In May 1923 the staff guard was transferred to Hitler's mobile raiding party , which was part of the Munich SA regiment. At the beginning it consisted of about 20 men, it later grew to 100 men; many members came from the Freikorps . He was not only a bodyguard, but also a group of thugs targeted at political opponents . The troops were flexible, could be mobilized at any time and acted with absolute obedience exclusively on the orders of Adolf Hitler.

November 8th and 9th 1923 (Hitler putsch)

Odeonsplatz after the coup

On November 8, 1923, Hitler announced his putsch plans at a meeting in the Bürgerbräukeller . The raiding party armed with machine guns had sealed off the hall on Hitler's orders. The troops then penetrated the premises of the newspaper Münchner Post, which was close to the Social Democrats, destroyed the business premises and kidnapped the editor and the editor and Munich city councilor Erhard Auer as hostages. The next morning, the shock troop men also kidnapped other councilors and the mayor from the town hall. The hostages were then to be taken with them on the march to the Feldherrnhalle on Odeonsplatz, so that they could threaten to be shot if the Reichswehr and the state police opened fire on the putschists. Around noon the march was stopped by the state police.

1924: The raiding party is banned

Members of Adolf Hitler's raiding party, April 1924

After the failed coup in 1924, the criminal trial was officially banned from the raiding party. At the same time, 38 relatives were sentenced to imprisonment in Landsberg . Not all of them took the punishment, sixteen escaped by fleeing. In 1925, all of the raiding party men were at large again. Among other things, the extremely mild imprisonment they spent together had deepened their bond.

The former members of the raiding party met as " old fighters " on so-called comradeship evenings. After the SA was disempowered in 1934, the “ Office for the 8./9. November 1923 “under Friedrich Geißelbrecht these meetings. From 1935 onwards, solemn parades were regularly held in the capital of the movement at the Feldherrnhalle and Königsplatz . The marching block of the " old fighters " who had arrived was welcomed by the members of the raiding party living on site, who also distributed ID cards, tickets and free tickets for the means of transport.

November 9, 1938 (pogrom night)

At the traditional comrades' meeting on November 9, 1938, following the memorial march and meeting in the old town hall , Goebbels gave an anti-Jewish hate speech on Hitler's instructions and called for “riots against Jewish places of worship and shops”. The men in uniform and other participants in the memorial event then rioted through the city at around 10:30 p.m. In the city center, near the Old Town Hall, Jewish shops were destroyed and the Ohel Jakob Old Synagogue was set on fire.

In older historical research it was assumed that “ SA people in civilian clothes” set the synagogue on fire. Since the research of Angelika Hermann, which was published in the Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 2008, it has been proven that Hitler 's raiding party carried out these riots on Hitler's personal instructions.

Known members

To combat patrol Adolf Hitler were among about 100 men. Known members were:

See also

  • Shock Troop 1917 , Nazi propaganda film from 1934; The film shows the everyday life of the German soldiers of the First World War in the trenches on the Western Front.

literature

  • Angela Hermann: Hitler and his raiding party in the "Reichskristallnacht" , Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 56. (2008) H. 4, pp. 603–630 available online (PDF)
  • Heinz Höhne: The order under the skull. The history of the SS, Munich 2002.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Paul Hoser, Shock Troop Hitler, 1923 , online text published on July 25, 2007 in the Historisches Lexikon Bayerns, accessed on January 7, 2020
  2. ^ Judgment of the People's Court for the District Court District of Munich I against “Berchtold Josef and 39 Comrades” from April 23, 1924.
  3. ↑ a b Angela Hermann: Hitler and his raiding party in the "Reichskristallnacht" , Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 56. (2008) H. 4, S. 603-617 available online (PDF)
  4. ↑ (born March 3, 1899 in Munich) was the son of Wilhelm Briemann senior. He joined the NSDAP and the SA in 1920. In the following years he participated a. a. at the Hofbräuhaussaalschlacht and on the German Day in Coburg. Since 1923 Hitler was a member of the raiding party. In 1924 he was imprisoned in Landsberg for a few months. On June 17, 1925, he rejoined the NSDAP (membership number 10.025) and on August 5, 1932, the SA. (PK B 75, pictures 505-538).
  5. ↑ William Briemann senior (born June 22, 1873 in Eutenhausen) took from April 1917 to August 1918 as Landsturmmann the First World War in part. Since August 17, 1920 member of the NSDAP (1,815), Oskar Körner introduced him to Hitler. From 1921 to 1923 he acted as secretary of the NSDAP and thus became an early confidante of Hitler who also frequented his house. After the first NSDAP office in Corneliusstrasse was closed, Briemann's apartment at Thalkirnhernstrasse 7/4 served as an alternative point for the NSDAP management, and his wife took over courier services. In 1921 Briemann became chairman of the Christmas committee of the NSDAP. He belonged to the 8th SA company and was u. a. Head of hall security. During the Hitler putsch he acted as Göring's personal orderly and was in charge of procuring weapons. Briemann was married to Berta (* February 17, 1883), with whom he had the daughter Martha (* 16 August 1903) and the son Wilhelm. During the NSDAP ban in 1925, he was a member of the Front Fighter League and rejoined the NSDAP on June 17, 1925 (membership number 10.024) and the SA on August 5, 1932. In the 1930s he received the Order of Blood (No. 128) and the Coburg Badge of Honor. (PK B 75, pictures 465-504)
  6. ↑ (born November 12, 1901) belonged to the Epp Freikorps in 1919, with which he participated in the suppression of the Bavarian Soviet Republic. In 1920 he went to the Reichsmarine. After his release on April 28, 1923, he returned to Munich, where he became a member of the NSDAP and the 4th SA Hunderschaft. At the end of August 1923 Feichtmayr was part of the Adolf Hitler raid, with whom he took part in the Hitler putsch. On December 8, 1923, he was held in custody for several weeks. In the subsequent Hitler Putsch trial he was sentenced to fifteen months in prison at the end of April 1924, from which he escaped together with Julius Schaub and his brother Otto Feichtmayr by fleeing to Klagenfurt. He was active in the Klagenfurt NSDAP and therefore lost his residence permit in September 1924. After his return to Germany, he was briefly detained and released on parole. On March 21, 1925 Feichtmayr rejoined the NSDAP (membership number 104). At the end of the 1920s he was involved in building the Zugspitze Railway. In 1930 he moved to Immenreuth in the Upper Palatinate (PK C 147, 2771-2810)
  7. ↑ Otto Feichtmayr (born July 23, 1905) rejoined the NSDAP in 1930 (membership number 248.158). In the 1930s Feichtmayr was employed by the Reich Secretariat of the NSDAP (PK C 147, 2821-2828).
  8. ↑ (* 1896) was shot in the stomach during the Hitler putsch on November 9, 1923. In 1924 he was imprisoned at Landsberg Fortress for six months. In the 1930s and 1940s he worked as a sales manager in a metal goods factory. (PK G 68, 1573-1582).
  9. ↑ In 1933 Stollwerk rejoined the NSDAP (membership number 3,503,962). (PK M 40, pictures 1331-1336).
  10. ↑ (* July 21, 1900) On February 1, 1931 Wegelin rejoined the NSDAP (membership number 436.714). (PK N 60 1757-1766).