Feldherrnhalle
The Feldherrnhalle (often incorrectly spelled Feldherrenhalle ) is a classicist loggia at the southern end of Odeonsplatz in the old town in Munich , which was built from 1841 to 1844 according to plans by Friedrich von Gärtner as a memorial for the Bavarian Army . The area is already part of the pedestrian zone and is a destination for many tourists.
History and conception
The Feldherrnhalle was built from 1841 to 1844 by Friedrich von Gärtner on behalf of King Ludwig I based on the model of the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence . The building made of Kelheim limestone should be the southern prelude to Ludwigstrasse , which should bring calm under the multitude of the previously confusing urban development axes. At the same time, the transition from the historic old town to the new boulevard should be made more harmonious. Therefore, the hall was built in place of the “Bauerngirgl” tavern, the last house in front of the Schwabinger Tor . The hall dedicated to the Bavarian Army corresponds to the Siegestor one kilometer away . The Schwabinger Tor was torn down and the Feldherrnhalle was built as a point de vue . The building should have the same shape and dimensions as the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence without being a copy. Gärtner simply raised the outside staircase and made the complex appear more monumental than its Italian model.
Two main characters in Bavarian military history, Count Tilly and Prince Wrede , were honored with statues that were cast from the bronze of melted cannons according to designs by Ludwig von Schwanthaler .
In 1894, a "Bavarian Army Memorial" was posted in the middle of the hall at the request of Prince Regent Luitpold. He did not want to raise any more generals and Ferdinand von Miller solved the problem by modeling an ancient warrior holding a shield over an allegory of peace.
The two lions on the side of the stairs did not find their place there until 1906. They were originally intended for the Prince Regent Monument in Nuremberg. The two marble figures were designed by the Munich sculptor Wilhelm von Rümann after a lion from the Munich zoo called Bubi .
The air raids on Munich during World War II caused only relatively minor damage to the structure, which was repaired between 1950 and 1962.
View of the Feldherrnhalle and the Theatine Church (right)
View towards Ludwigstrasse
The Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence (model of the Feldherrnhalle)
The "Prussian" lion
State after the end of the war in 1945
Use as a performance venue ("Klassik am Odeonsplatz", 2015)
Feldherrnhalle at night
Hitler-Ludendorff Putsch 1923
On the morning of November 9, 1923, a Friday, Adolf Hitler and his supporters marched towards the Feldherrnhalle, where there was a confrontation with the Bavarian State Police , a barracked riot police. The march in the context of the Hitler putsch was bloody stopped. Four police officers, thirteen putschists and an uninvolved bystander were killed in front of the Feldherrnhalle. Later, when the military district command was stormed in nearby Schönfeldstrasse, two other putschists were shot by the Bavarian state police.
After the seizure of power in 1933, the Feldherrnhalle became a special place for Nazi propaganda . On the eastern side, on the upper plateau, a plaque was put up with the names of the martyrs at the time , which was honored by an SS honor guard . On the back of the board the sentence could be read: “And you did win.” Below that was a plaque on the wall with the names of the four killed police officers of the Bavarian State Police. Every passer-by who passed this board was obliged to honor it with the Hitler salute. The plaque was removed after the US invasion in 1945.
At the same time, the "March on the Feldherrnhalle" was repeated every year with a memorial ceremony. During one such memorial march on November 9, 1938, the Swiss Maurice Bavaud tried to shoot Hitler. On the eve of November 9, 1939, an explosives explosion occurred in the Bürgerbräukeller , which Hitler had left shortly before.
Memorial plaque on the Munich Residenz (next to Feldherrnhalle) for the police officers killed in the 1923 coup
Back of the plaque of honor for the putschists killed
Annual march on the Feldherrnhalle on November 9th
State act after the attack on November 8, 1939
Due to the great symbolic value that the National Socialists attached to the Feldherrnhalle, in addition to the SA standard “Feldherrnhalle”, the following combat units of the Wehrmacht were given the addition “Feldherrnhalle”: Panzer Brigade 106 Feldherrnhalle , Panzerbrigade 110 Feldherrnhalle and Panzergrenadier Division Feldherrnhalle. Furthermore, the heavy army tank department 503 (sHPz.Abt. 503) was renamed in the course of the renaming and reorganization in 1944 in the "heavy army tank department Feldherrnhalle".
Monuments
- Graf Tilly statue (bronze cast by Ferdinand von Miller based on a design by Ludwig Schwanthaler )
- Fürst-Wrede statue (bronze cast by Ferdinand von Miller based on a design by Ludwig Schwanthaler)
- Bavarian Army Memorial (design by sculptor Ferdinand von Miller, 1892)
- Bavarian lion at the Feldherrnhalle next to the outside staircase (sculptor Wilhelm von Rümann , 1906), made of Lasa marble .
Bronze statue of Count Tilly
Bronze statue of Prince Wrede
The "Bavarian" lion
Bavarian army memorial
Trivia
- Some people from Munich mock the naming “Bayerische Feldherrnhalle”, alluding to the origins and strategic talent of Tilly and Wrede: “One was not a Bavarian and the other was not a general”. This is a quote from the novel Success by Lion Feuchtwanger .
- To the homage at the memorial plaque for the then so-called "martyrs of the movement" of the Hitler-Ludendorff Putsch to avoid in 1923, many passers-by walked by the Residenzstraße on Viscardigasse behind the Feldherrnhalle in the Theatinerstraße and so arrived without Hitler salute to Odeonsplatz . The people of Munich therefore sometimes call Viscardigasse “ Drückebergergassl ” to this day .
- According to tradition, one of the two lions is of Bavarian origin, the other of Prussian origin. The origin can be recognized by the fact that the Prussian lion has its mouth open. A humorous allusion to the alleged talkativeness of the North Germans.
- The memorial plaque for the four Bavarian police officers who were killed in the Hitler-Ludendorff putsch in 1923 (police sergeant Friedrich Fink, police sergeant Nikolaus Hollweg, police auxiliary sergeant Max Schoberth and police captain Rudolf Schraut), which was first set in the ground in front of the Feldherrnhalle since November 1994 , was opened on The 87th anniversary (November 9, 2010) was replaced by a plaque on the wall on the opposite west side of the residence . This was justified by the fact that the base plate had largely remained unnoticed. This was preceded by a 17-year-old controversy between the state capital Munich and the Free State of Bavaria, which had initially refused to put a memorial plaque on the residence at ministerial level. It was not until March 2009, following the premiere of the documentary film Hitler in court, in a conversation followed by an exchange of letters, that Interior Minister Joachim Herrmann and Lord Mayor Christian Ude could reach agreement on the placement of the memorial plaque at the location of the shooting.
- In April 1995 the Feldherrnhalle became the scene of the self-immolation of the 75-year-old Sudeten German history revisionist Reinhold Elstner , who protested against the Wehrmacht exhibition . He succumbed to his injuries the following day. A vigil to be held by right-wing extremists at the scene was prohibited by the city administration in 2004.
literature
- Heinrich Habel, Johannes Hallinger, Timm Weski: State capital Munich - center (= Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation [Hrsg.]: Monuments in Bavaria . Volume I.2 / 1 ). Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-87490-586-2 , p. 721-724 .
- Klaus Gallas : Munich. From the Guelph foundation of Henry the Lion to the present: art, culture, history . DuMont, Cologne 1979, ISBN 3-7701-1094-3 (DuMont documents: DuMont art travel guide).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Architectural monuments in Munich by streets: Feldherrnhalle accessed on July 8, 2012
- ↑ Münchner Tageszeitung tz of February 6, 2018, p. 8.
- ↑ Press release from the Bavarian Ministry of the Interior.
- ↑ Katja Riedel: memorial plaque unveiled: four police officers against Hitler. In: Sueddeutsche.de, March 14, 2011.
- ^ Report from the Wochenanzeiger.
- ↑ Andrea Röpke , Andreas Speit : Neo-Nazis in pinstripes. Links, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-86153-467-9 , p. 78.
- ↑ Rathaus-Umschau Munich, March 31, 2005, p. 6.
Coordinates: 48 ° 8 ′ 30.1 ″ N , 11 ° 34 ′ 38.3 ″ E
