Streptococcus dysgalactiae

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Streptococcus dysgalactiae
Systematics
Department : Firmicutes
Class : Bacilli
Order : Lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillales)
Family : Streptococcaceae
Genre : Streptococcus
Type : Streptococcus dysgalactiae
Scientific name
Streptococcus dysgalactiae
Diernhofer 1932

Streptococcus dysgalactiae is a gram-positive bacterial species from the genus Streptococcus ( German : Streptococci). The name is composed of the ancient Greek δύς dys 'bad' and γάλα gála 'milk' and indicates the tendency of the bacteria to cause udder inflammation in cattle .

Spectrum of infection

S. dysgalactiae is capable of infecting both humans and animals, but is most commonly found as part of the digestive tract , genital tract, or less commonly as part of the skin flora . The clinical manifestations in human disease range from superficial skin infections and tonsillitis to severe necrotizing fasciitis and bacteremia .

The incidence of invasive diseases has increased. Several different animal species are susceptible to infection by S. dysgalactiae , but the most commonly reported cases of udder inflammation in cattle and infectious joint inflammation in lambs have been reported.

Streptococcus dysgalactiae is divided into the subspecies Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae (SDSD) divided; the former is mostly associated with human diseases, the latter almost exclusively in veterinary medicine .

S. dysgalactiae has long been believed to be non-pathogenic to humans. However, an increasing incidence of S. dysgalactiae infections has been documented, and in some geographic areas the rate of invasive infection has even exceeded that of Streptococcus pyogenes . There is a skewed age distribution, i. H. older people are disproportionately represented in invasive cases. People with chronic diseases, including cancer and diabetes, are also particularly susceptible to infection. These opportunistic features have been suggested as one of the mechanisms underlying the observed increasing incidence of invasive disease. In addition, male predominance was found, presumably due to a higher level of comorbidity . The incidence of non-invasive diseases in humans does not appear to be increasing.

treatment

Penicillin is the drug of choice for treating strep infections. S. dysgalactiae strains with reduced susceptibility to penicillin are not known. The duration of treatment varies from five days to three months, depending on the clinical diagnosis. Second-line drugs include macrolides and clindamycin , although increasing resistance from both efflux and target modification has been documented in some geographic regions . Aminoglycosides are not effective against streptococci due to their lack of respiratory metabolism . However, when combined with a β-lactam antibiotic , aminoglycosides appear to have a synergistic effect against streptococci. S. dysgalactiae is uniformly susceptible to glycopeptides and oxazolidones .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Karl Diernhofer: Aesculin broth as an aid for differentiating between udder and milk streptococci in mass examinations . In: Dairy Studies . tape 13 , 1932, p. 368-374 .
  2. ↑ a b CM Brandt, B Spellerberg: Human infections due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis. . In: Clinical Infectious Diseases . 49, No. 5, 2009, pp. 766-772. doi : 10.1086 / 605085 . PMID 19635028 .
  3. ↑ a b c O Oppegaard, H Mylvaganam, BR Kittang: Beta-haemolytic group A, C and G streptococcal infections in Western Norway: a 15-year retrospective survey . In: Clinical Microbiology and Infection . 21, No. 2, 2015, pp. 171–178. doi : 10.1016 / j.cmi.2014.08.019 . PMID 25658557 .
  4. ↑ N Sylvetsky, D Raveh, Y Schlesinger, B Rudensky, AM Yinnon: bacteremia due to beta-hemolytic Streptococcus group G: Increasing incidence and clinical characteristics of patients . In: The American Journal of Medicine . 112, No. 8, 2002, pp. 622-626. doi : 10.1016 / s0002-9343 (02) 01117-8 . PMID 12034411 .
  5. ↑ Voluntary surveillance of pyogenic and non-pyogenic streptococcal bacteraemia in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: 2014 . In: Health Protection Report: Weekly Report . 9, 2015.
  6. ^ AC Whist, O. Østerås, L. Sølverød: Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolates at calving and lactation performance within the same lactation . In: Journal of Dairy Science . 90, No. 2, 2007, pp. 766-778. doi : 10.3168 / jds.S0022-0302 (07) 71561-8 . PMID 17235154 .
  7. ^ SJ Rutherford, AN Rycroft, AL Ridler: Sources of Streptococcus dysgalactiae in English and Welsh sheep flocks affected by infectious arthritis (joint ill) . In: The Veterinary Record . 174, No. 23, 2014, p. 579. doi : 10.1136 / vr.101753 . PMID 24619629 .
  8. ↑ VERNICA V. VIEIRA, LÚCIA M. TEIXEIRA, VIVIANE ZAHNER, HOOMAN MOMEN, RICHARD R. FACKLAM, ARNOLD G. STEIGERWALT, DON J. BRENNER, ANGELA CD CASTRO: Genetic relationships among the different phenotypes of Streptococcus dysgalactiae strains . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 48, No. 4, 1998, pp. 1231-1243. doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-48-4-1231 . PMID 9828425 .
  9. ↑ Pallaval V. Bramhachari, Santosh Y. Kaul, David J. McMillan, Melkote S. Shaila, Mohan G. Karmarkar, Kadaba S. Sriprakash: Disease burden due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (group G and C streptococcus) is higher than that due to Streptococcus pyogenes among Mumbai school children . In: Journal of Medical Microbiology . 59, No. Pt 2, 2010, pp. 220-223. doi : 10.1099 / jmm.0.015644-0 . PMID 19833781 .
  10. ^ San S. Wong, Yu S. Lin, Liby Mathew, Latha Rajagopal, Douglas Sepkowitz: Increase in group G streptococcal infections in a community hospital, New York, USA . In: Emerging Infectious Diseases . 15, No. 6, 2009, pp. 991-993. doi : 10.3201 / eid1506.080666 . PMID 19523319 . PMC 2727315 (free full text).
  11. ↑ Laura N. Broyles, Chris Van Beneden, Bernard Beall, Richard Facklam, P. Lynn Shewmaker, Paul Malpiedi, Pamala Daily, Arthur Reingold, Monica M. Farley: Population-based study of invasive disease due to beta-hemolytic streptococci of groups other than A and B . In: Clinical Infectious Diseases . 48, No. 6, 2009, pp. 706-712. doi : 10.1086 / 597035 . PMID 19187026 .
  12. ↑ Hsueh-Hsia Lo, Hao-Hsiang Nien, Ya-Yu Cheng, Fang-Yi Su: Antibiotic susceptibility pattern and erythromycin resistance mechanisms in beta-hemolytic group G Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis isolates from central Taiwan . In: Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi . 48, No. 6, 2015, pp. 613–617. doi : 10.1016 / j.jmii.2014.04.003 . PMID 24856419 .
  13. ↑ José Paulo de Souza, Amanda Ribeiro Santos, Geraldo Renato de Paula, Rosana Rocha Barros: Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic relationships among Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis isolates in Rio de Janeiro . In: Infectious Diseases . 48, No. 9, 2016, pp. 676-681. doi : 10.1080 / 23744235.2016.1192680 . PMID 27301015 .
  14. ↑ CN Baker, C. Thornsberry, RR Facklam: Synergism, killing kinetics, and antimicrobial susceptibility of group A and B streptococci . In: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy . 19, No. 5, 1981, pp. 716-725. doi : 10.1128 / aac.19.5.716 . PMID 7027921 . PMC 181512 (free full text).

Web links

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