Sydslesvigdansk

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sydslesvigdansk or Südschleswigdänisch is a German- influenced variety of Standard Danish that is common among the Danish minority in Southern Schleswig .

Differences between Sydslesvigdansk and Standard Danish

The differences between Sydslesvigdansk and the usual Imperial or Standard Danish are many and are particularly in the area of ​​semantics; among others it is in detail:

  • In the field of segmental phonology : shortening of the 29 spoken Danish vowels (13 long, 16 short) to the 14 of the German language (7 long, 7 short), but not the same for all speakers of Sydslesvigdansk.
  • In the area of prosody : the accentuation of the German language, such as a comparatively strong emphasis on the weakly accented syllables in Imperial Danish or the omission of the standard Danish accent tone ( Stød )
  • In the area of morphology : among other things, the adaptation of tense to German for continuous actions (present instead of perfect)
  • in the area of syntax : among other things, the alignment of the placement of adverbial terms with the German language
  • In the field of semantics : among other things, the adoption and loan translations of words, phrases and idioms from German and Low German, which in some cases means that terms available in standard Danish experience a meaning change.

Southern Schleswig-Danish results from the bilingualism of the speaker community, so in the semantic area it can be partially incomprehensible for Danes who do not speak German (due to some terms taken from German). 47 percent of Danes still estimate that they can hold a conversation in German; the proportion has been declining for years.

Examples

The examples given show different expressions of southern Schleswig-Danish, but cannot be generalized for southern Schleswig-Danish, since the selected phrases are by no means identifiable in all Danish-speaking southern Schleswig-Holstein, instead they are individually different.

Sydslesvigdansk Standard Danish Low German Standard German
Strømudfald strømafbrydelse, strømsvigt Stroomutfall Power failure
Kogerecept madopskrift Kaakrezept, Kockrezept Cooking recipe
Bilen springer ikke an. Bilen vil ikke start. The car won't start. The car will not start.
Husmester pedel, gårdmand, vicevært Huusmeester facility manager
Vi trækker om. Vi flytter. Wi stretches over We're moving.
concerned pågældende approaching concerned
Opklæber mærkat Opklever sticker
Lære det udvendig! Lær det udenad! Teaching is necessary / butenkopps! Memorize it!
Blomster går ind. Blomster går ud. De Blööm / Blomen gaht in. The flowers die.
Dør til! Luk døren! Döör to! Close the door!
Vi leger i dynerne. Vi leger i klitterne. Wi spits in the dunes. We play in the dunes.
Task rain lommeregner Pocket calculator calculator
Borgersti fortorv Börgerstieg, footpadd sidewalk
Regnskærm paraply Regenscheerm, Paraplü umbrella
At sove ind at falde i søvn inslap fall asleep
også ikke brighter ikke ok not neither
at pudse tænder at børste tænder Clean the day Brush teeth
at rejse sig together at days together sik tosamenrieten pull yourself together

Some of the adopted terms such as isen (Danish jern, Lower Saxon Isen, Iesen, German iron ) are also known in the Danish of the neighboring southern North Schleswig .

Interestingly, many of these contact Germanisms with the same meaning also occur in the Danish language of the 18th and 19th centuries, e.g. B. Betræffende, udvendig and recept . The word dyne, which is not Germanism, also existed in older Danish with the meaning “dune” (cf. today's Swedish: dyn ). In Southern Schleswig-Danish, however, these words have not been retained from an older Danish language level, but are borrowed from German because of the everyday bilingualism.

term

Southern Schleswig-Danish is also sometimes referred to as Südschleswigsch or Sydslesvigsk . It must be differentiated from both the Danish dialect Sønderjysk (South Jutland or Low Danish ) and the Low German dialect Schleswigsch .

Sønderjysk was the vernacular language in large parts of southern Schleswig until the 19th century and is still spoken near the border today. Its variant is called Mittelschleswigsch (mellemslesvigsk) in Danish dialectology .

Schleswig is the variant of Low German spoken in the Schleswig region and is influenced by the substrate of Sønderjysk.

Southern Schleswig-Danish, on the other hand, developed primarily from standard Danish (rigsdansk) under the influence of colloquial northern German .

classification

The exact linguistic classification - such as as an independent dialect or as a variety of Imperial Danish, as a mixed or contact or interference language  - is controversial, as is the question of whether it is an independent norm; A rather inconsistent Imperial Danish, which changes according to the situation and is interspersed with several or a few "language errors". In addition, Southern Schleswig-Danish is also classified as a group language or sociolect , whereby it should be noted that classifications with regard to dialect and sociolect or form and function of a language do not have to be mutually exclusive.

Language history

The formation of Sydslesvigdansk is to be assessed as the result of two influences. On the one hand, the variety bears traits of a contact language in the overlap area of ​​Danish with High German , Low German and North Frisian , on the other hand it is the result of bilingual or even trilingualism. Almost all members of the Danish minority in Schleswig-Holstein speak standard German at their mother tongue level, a large part also speak Low German, and some also speak North Frisian or Sønderjysk. The majority of the Danish minority use High German and / or Low German as everyday language.

In the area of ​​the former Duchy of Schleswig , High German, Imperial Danish (Standard Danish), Sønderjysk (Low Danish), Low German and North Frisian (each in several dialects) are widespread to this day. While Sønderjysk, Low German and North Frisian were widely used as orally used vernacular languages until the 19th century , High German prevailed primarily as the language of the upper class as well as the language of administration and court and in the south of Schleswig also as the church language . In the north of Schleswig, however, Imperial Danish was the church and school language . From the middle of the 19th century, Denmark and Prussia each had a restrictive language policy in favor of the respective high-level languages. With the introduction of the Regenburg language rescripts in 1851, Imperial Danish became the school language in the central parts of Schleswig (in what is now southern Schleswig), and after the German-Danish War, High German became almost the sole school language in northern Schleswig until 1888.

Colloquial language in large parts of southern Schleswig was until the language change in the 19th century Sønderjysk (Low Danish ), which could be divided into several regional variants such as Angel Danish (Angeldansk) or Viöler Danish (Fjoldemål). Sønderjysk is still spoken in some communities immediately south of the border and in Northern Schleswig - regardless of the national confession of its speakers.

After the border changes as a result of the German-Danish War in 1864 and especially the referendum in 1920 , the Danish minority developed in what was now a largely German-speaking environment in the southern part of Schleswig. The size of the Danish minority was around 20,000 after 1920, but at the end of the Nazi era it shrank to around 3,000–5,000. After the Second World War , the Danish minority grew for a short time to around 75,000 people, but the majority of them spoke only High German and some of them spoke Low German. High German, which dominates everyday life, has a correspondingly great influence to this day, for example with regard to the semantics, sentence order or prosody of the Danish spoken in southern Schleswig.

There is no direct relationship between Sydslesvigdansk and Sønderjysk, which was historically spoken in South Schleswig and is still spoken in North Schleswig today, unlike Low German in Schleswig, which has the influence of the Sønderjysk as a substrate . In the case of Sydslesvigdansk, it is rather a variety of Imperial Danish influenced by the (northern) German surrounding language.

A comparable language form exists with North Schleswig German (Nordslesvigtysk) within the German minority in the Danish North Schleswig.

See also

literature

References and comments

  1. ↑ In contrast to the students of the German minority in North Schleswig, there is a rebellion against the “monolingual norm set by the school ... through very 'wild' code mixing ”, according to Astrid Carstensen and Karoline Kühl from der Flensburg University based on a study of divergent bilingual language use among young people at the 7th North German Linguistic Colloquium of the University of Bremen 2006: Different use of bilingual resources: “Så sidder Any of the above tormented mig af ...” versus “I don't give that” - hpsg.fu -berlin.de (PDF) p. 19 ff.
  2. ↑ Elin Fredsted : When languages ​​meet - German in Danish language varieties . In: Christel Stolz (Ed.): Our linguistic neighbors in Europe . Brockmeyer University Press, Bochum 2009, ISBN 978-3-8196-0741-7 , p. 12 .
  3. ↑ Knap halvdelen af ​​danskerne: Jeg taler tysk ( almost half of the Danes: I speak German), Flensborg Avis, July 5, 2012.
  4. ↑ recept is only used for medical prescriptions in standard Danish
  5. ↑ udvendig in Standard Danish means: outside, outside, from outside
  6. ↑ dyne in standard Danish means: duvet
  7. ↑ at sove ind in standard Danish means: to fall asleep in the sense of to die
  8. ^ Karen Margrethe Pedersen: Dansk Sprog i Sydslesvig . tape 1 . Institut for grænseregionsforskning, Aabenraa 2000, ISBN 87-90163-90-7 , p. 225 ff .
  9. ^ Karen Margrethe Pedersen: Dansk Sprog i Sydslesvig . tape 1 . Institut for grænseregionsforskning, Aabenraa 2000, ISBN 87-90163-90-7 , p. 230 .
  10. ↑ the number of those of the Danish minority who also use one of the variants of the Danish language in everyday life is estimated at around 8,000 to 15,000; z. B. 8,000 at http://www.gfbv.it/3dossier/vielfalt-dt.html
  11. ↑ Language card. The Virtual Museum (vimu.info), accessed on December 13, 2013 .
  12. ^ Ferdinande Knabe: Linguistic minorities and national schools in Prussia between 1871 and 1933: An educational policy analysis . Waxmann, Münster a. a. 2000, ISBN 978-3-89325-838-3 , pp. 188 .
  13. ^ Progrescript from 1851 (Regenburgske). Grænseforeningen, accessed December 13, 2013 .
  14. ↑ North Schleswig is "Germanized". (No longer available online.) Society for Schleswig-Holstein History, archived from the original on July 15, 2013 ; Retrieved December 13, 2013 .
  15. ↑ Jürgen Kühl: The Danish minority in Prussia and in the German Empire 1864-1914 . In: Hans Henning Hahn, Peter Kunze (Ed.): National minorities and state minority policy in Germany in the 19th century . Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-05-003343-6 , pp. 131 .
  16. ^ Hans Christophersen: Sydslesvigdansk . In: Mål og Mæle . No. 2 , 1979, p. 8 .
  17. ^ Elin Fredsted : Languages ​​and Cultures in Contact - German and Danish minorities in Sønderjylland / Schleswig . In: Christel Stolz (Ed.): In addition to German - The autochthonous minority and regional languages ​​of Germany . Brockmeyer University Press, Bochum 2009, ISBN 978-3-8196-0730-1 , p. 16 ff .
  18. ↑ Example sentences from North Schleswig German