Languages ​​and dialects in Schleswig-Holstein

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Bilingual signs at the police station in Husum

The languages ​​and dialects in Schleswig-Holstein are comparatively broad when measured against the territorial size of the state. With high German , Low German , Frisian , Danish (Reich Danish, mostly as Sydslesvigdansk ) Südjütisch (Platt Danish, Sønderjysk) and the Romany (Romani) in Schleswig-Holstein living Gypsies traditional languages can be found depending on the classification of five or six in a small Space together. When the Petuh , spoken by only a few speakers in Flensburg , the High German-Low German mixed language Missingsch and Yiddish , there are eight and nine respectively. A good 90 percent of the population of Schleswig-Holstein understands at least one of the other languages ​​in addition to Standard German (especially Low German).

With five legally recognized languages ​​(High German, Low German, Danish including South Jutian, North Frisian and Romanes), Schleswig-Holstein is the region with the most languages ​​within the German-speaking area in Europe. In parallel to the protection of Danish, North Frisian, Romani and Low German under the European Charter of Regional and Minority Languages , the Danish minority, the Frisian ethnic group and the minority of the Sinti and Roma themselves are protected by the state constitution in the northernmost German state.

High German and Low German have official language status in the entire state, in parts of Schleswig-Holstein also Danish and North Frisian.

Languages ​​and dialects

Standard German

In Schleswig-Holstein (and beyond) the term German is often considered - also legally - as a generic term for both languages ​​(High German and Low German). On the one hand, Standard German (also: Standard German , written German ), often referred to as German for short , (see also: German language ) is spoken, and in some cases it is similar in pronunciation to Missingsch, which is mainly spoken in Hamburg . However, there are no dialects of High German in northern Germany . The number of passive speakers among the German population in Schleswig-Holstein is almost 100 percent, while that of active speakers is a little lower: The proportion of those who actively speak only Low German (“Low German” or “flat” for short) is, however fell sharply after the Second World War and is now mainly found among the older population in non-urban areas. Exact information does not exist. After the 1996 reform of German spelling was reversed by referendum , the state temporarily had its own official written language of Standard German. The state once again made use of its legal language skills (see: Official languages ​​within Germany ) when it had the election notifications for the state elections in Schleswig-Holstein in 2017 written in so-called easy language - not without criticism in the state.

Low German

The dialectal division of the Low German dialects

In large parts of the country, the Low German language (see also: Lower Saxon ) is spoken and understood. This mainly affects non-urban areas in Holstein and Schleswig . The dialect variant here is North Lower Saxony , which within Schleswig-Holstein can in turn be subdivided into Schleswigsch in the north and Holstein in the south of the country. The eider line separates the two dialects and also the plural form. In the Hamburg area, another sub-dialect of North Lower Saxony is added with the Hamburger Platt ; In the surrounding area of Ratzeburg and in individual communities on the outskirts of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania , the dialect of Mecklenburg is also used . In contrast to the other dialects spoken in Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg does not belong to the North Lower Saxony dialects, but to East Low German .

The Low German dialects in the state are divided into further sub-dialects such as Angeliter Platt (from "Schleswig") or Dithmarscher Platt (from "Holstein"); the "Hamburger Platt" is spoken in Schleswig-Holstein in the variant of the Geest-Platt .

The most commonly as "Low German" (or just " flat ") called Low German is a recognized independent language and enjoys in the northern German states the protection of a regional language . Low German is also an optional official language throughout the state of Schleswig-Holstein. The number of speakers of the Low German language in Schleswig-Holstein is estimated at 1.3 million, of which around 800,000 Schleswig-Holsteiners have a good to very good command of the language. The total number of those who speak or at least understand Low German is a good 2.5 million citizens of the northernmost state.

The Schleswig-Holstein dictionary includes the vocabulary of the dialects of Low German spoken in Schleswig-Holstein; the surveys for the creation of the dictionary took place from 1902. The Holstein Idiotikon is a dictionary of Schleswig-Holstein's vocabulary published in 1800.

The terms “Lower Saxon”, “Low German” and “Low German” are often used synonymously - but there are also hierarchically structured definitions of terms that differ from one another, especially with regard to the dialects of the language in the Netherlands ; in Schleswig-Holstein at least “Low German”, “Low German” and “Low” are used as synonyms in colloquial use.

The Hanseatic language and the seaman's language also emerged from Low German . The latter is not only a technical language, but also a sociolect .

Plautdietsch is a variety of Low German and is spoken in Europe, North America, Latin America and Asia by some of the Russian-German Mennonites who are now scattered around the world ; in Schleswig-Holstein only a comparatively small population group speaks this language.

Danish

The German-Danish conflict in the 19th century can also be read from different map displays at the time of the language change in southern Schleswig, here using examples from the Prussian major and cartographer Franz Heinrich Julius Geerz 1838 (from the viewer on the left) and the Danish historian Carl Ferdinand Allen 1858 (from the viewer on the right).
Language change in the 19th century in southern Schleswig
Promotion of Danish language courses in Flensburg (2012)

A Danish ethnic group lives in the Schleswig region of the country (especially in the Flensburg area ) whose language as a minority language also enjoys special rights in Germany. There are 46 schools where the language of instruction is Danish ( dansk ). Since Danish is not the common everyday language for the majority of Danish speakers, and to a large extent it is not their mother tongue, but High and / or Low German, it may have changed. a. faulty local variation of the - through the acquisition of structural elements, a number of words and phrases from the high and low German one - from reaching the Danish perspective Rigsdansk ( " Empire Danish developed" or "Standard Danish"), which now confidently on the part of the minority as Sydslesvigdansk ( "Südschleswigdänisch ") Or Sydslesvigsk (" Südschleswigsch ") is called. According to the Schleswig-Holstein state government, around 50,000 people in the state with German citizenship are part of the Danish minority.

Of course, this is only an estimate based on the members of Danish associations - the last census with language recording took place in 1900. According to the study by the University of Hamburg from 2015, the number is even around 79,000 in the northernmost federal state (and 25,000 in Hamburg), of which around 42,000 are in the traditional part of Schleswig (that would be around eight percent of the population of Schleswig) and 37,000 in the Holstein region (around two percent of the population there). The almost 7,000 Danish citizens in Schleswig-Holstein mostly speak standard Danish .

Several thousand Germans who are not part of the Danish minority also speak Danish in the three variants Imperial Danish (Standard Danish), Sydslesvigdansk and Sønderjysk (grew up in places close to the border; language is learned in schools - Danish is also offered as an optional subject in German schools in some cases -, Adult education centers, universities); this also applies to members of new minorities who are integrated in Danish schools and associations.

  • Standard Danish (also: Imperial Danish or High Danish ) is the variant of Danish that emerged from the Malmö ( Schonisch , until 1658) and Copenhagen ( Københavnsk ) dialects, which is now spoken by most Danes or at least spoken in addition to another variant.
  • Sydslesvigdansk (also: Südschleswigdänisch , Sydslesvigsk , Südschleswigsch ) is spoken by the majority of the Danish minority in Schleswig-Holstein. Mostly it is considered a variety of Standard Danish (High Danish). It bears traits of a contact language between Danish, High German and Low German, but is also the result of the multilingualism of the Danish-speaking population in the country.
  • South Jutian ( Synnejysk , High German also: South Jutland and Plattdänisch , Imperial Danish: Sønderjysk ) is still spoken in communities near the border between Flensburg and Niebüll . Usually, South Jutian is now classified as a dialect of Danish; According to other views, it is a Scandinavian language of its own, a dialect of its own Jutish language, or a Danish-Low German mixed language. Natives of both Danish and German inclinations use this regional language, which however declined sharply after 1950. South Jutsch used to be the lingua franca for everyday contacts across the border. In the Middle Ages, South Jutian was the colloquial language of the rural population in North and Central Schleswig up to a line Husum - Schleswig - Eckernförde , until around 1800 it was still in fishing up to the Schlei . Subsequently, South Jutian was replaced by Low German, north of today's border by Imperial Danish, but it still occurred on the Geest between Husum, Schleswig and Flensburg in the 1930s (the Fjoldemål in and around Viöl ). In addition to Fjoldemål (also: Viöler Danish ), Angeldänische (dä. Angeldansk , Angelmål or Angelbomål ), Mellemslesvigsk and West Sønderjysk ( Vestligt Sønderjysk ) are or were the sub-dialects in Germany today . One of the strangest sentences in South Jutian is the following of nine consecutive single-letter words: "A æ u å æ ø i æ å." And means: "I'm out on the island in the meadow".

North Frisian

The North Frisian dialects: Danish was spoken in Listland on Sylt, while North Frisian was spoken in Eiderstedt and Nordstrand until the 17th century.

On the North Frisian Islands , on the north west coast and on Heligoland , North Frisian is spoken, which is also protected as a minority language . North Frisian is spoken by around 8,000 to 10,000 people, mainly within the Frisian ethnic group. In addition to Sater Frisian, it is one of two still existing Frisian languages within Germany . About twice as many people from Schleswig-Holstein have passive language skills, so that a maximum of 30,000 people speak or at least understand North Frisian. It is still spoken today in dialects, some of which are difficult to understand among each other

on the islands and Halligen:

on the mainland:

Other dialects - such as the Südergoesharder Frisian (since 1981), the Strander Frisian , the Eiderstedter Frisian and the Wyker Frisian - have died out. The dialects of the islands of Amrum, Föhr and Sylt as well as those of the Halligen and the mainland can again be combined into two larger North Frisian dialect groups. The Dualis the pronoun , that is the number two between the singular and the plural from three (Ex .: wat = we both; we = we), an original specific language, WW2 increasingly disappearing from the end.

At 27 schools in the country - including the Frisian school in Amrum and the Danish-Frisian school in Risum - North Frisian is also taught or other subjects are taught in this language.

Romanes

In Schleswig-Holstein beyond a traditional minority exists Sinti and Roma , the Romani (also: Romani ) speak. The Schleswig-Holstein regional association of Sinti and Roma estimates the number of Sinti and Roma with German citizenship living in the state at 5000. Most of them live in Kiel , where the “Maro Temm” housing estate was built, in Lübeck and in the Hamburg area. There is evidence that the Sinti and Roma, who originally came from India , have lived in Schleswig-Holstein since the 15th century; the Romani language is related to Sanskrit . There is no generally accepted written language for Romanes. Romani is also protected as a minority language.

Missingsch and Petuh

Missingsch and Petuh are mixed languages .

The Missingsch itself is a mixed language of High German and Low German, the classification of which is unclear; This language is also spoken by part of the population in Schleswig-Holstein.

The Petuh (also including: Petu , Petu (h) aunt German , Petu (h) aunt Danish ) is a mixed language of High German, Low German, Standard Danish and South Jutian in the Flensburg area and is only spoken by a few people.

Yiddish

Up until the Nazi era, there were significant West Yiddish- speaking minorities in individual towns in Schleswig-Holstein (e.g. Lübeck ) . It is not known how high the proportion is among the almost 2000 residents of the Jewish faith. Yiddish (also outdated: Judendeutsch ) is a variety of Standard German and as such is very close to the other German languages ​​and dialects. Yiddish is an independent language. The written form is a modified version of the Hebrew alphabet.

Sign languages

Finally, there are estimated to be more than 5,000 "speakers" of German sign language in Schleswig-Holstein - around half of them are deaf. The other half is mainly divided between the hard of hearing and the hard of hearing, people with speech disorders, people close to those affected, people with professional interests (e.g. sign language interpreters ); learning is also said to be offered or to have been offered in individual general schools and adult education centers. Around 650 affected people are organized in the Deaf Association of Schleswig-Holstein. German sign language has been recognized as a language since 2002 in accordance with Section 6 of the Disability Equality Act. The number of “speakers” of the Danish-speaking counterpart Dansk tegnsprog is likely to be less than 100.

Situation in the district of North Friesland

High German, Low German ( Schleswigsch as Husumer Platt , Eiderstedter Platt , North Frisian Platt ), North Frisian in its dialects, Danish (Standard Danish, Sydslesvigdansk, Sønderjysk) and Missingsch are (still) spoken in the North Friesland district today. Therefore, the region is also known as the language country of North Frisia . There are several studies on the language situation for the border community of Rodenäs . A study from the 1970s showed that in addition to Standard German, 39 percent of the population spoke fluent Low German, 27 percent were fluent in the North Frisian dialect there ( Wiedingharder Frisian ) and 23 percent were equally fluent in South Jutian; According to the research, a total of 28 percent spoke all five languages ​​or dialects, including Imperial Danish (more or less well). Dutch , which was once spoken in Friedrichstadt and partly in Eiderstedt , has died out in North Frisia. The word “Frika n delle” is one of the rudiments of the Dutch language there. All four languages ​​(High German, Low German, Danish including Sønderjysk, North Frisian) have official language status in the district of North Friesland.

New languages

Through the forced laborers in World War II (including Russian , Polish , Italian , Latvian , Estonian ), the refugees and displaced persons (including Polish, Masurian , Kashubian ), occupation troops and troops stationed later - US armed forces in Flensburg - ( English ), guest workers ( Italian, Turkish , Serbo-Croatian , Greek , Kurdish ), repatriates of German descent (including Russian, Polish, Romanian , Kazakh ) and recognized asylum seekers have repeatedly entered the country in recent decades, but these have only remained as language minorities in exceptional cases. This particularly applies to the Turkish language. If the members of these groups remained in the country, they or their descendants were given German citizenship in some cases if they did not already have this or a legal right to it.

Of the 132,000 foreigners in Schleswig-Holstein (as of 2009), just under 33,000 are Turks, just under 12,000 Poles, just under 7,000 Danes, just under 6,000 Russians, just under 4,000 Italians, over 3,000 Greeks and Ukrainians each and just under 3,000 Austrians, British and Iraqis. According to the microcensus survey of 2008, 363,000 people (German nationals and foreigners born in Germany) have a migration background , whereby this figure only includes immigration after 1949 by definition; between 1988 and 2010 around 100,000 foreigners were naturalized.

Around two percent of Germany's population of Turkish origin lives in Schleswig-Holstein. The population of Turkish origin is made up of Turkish citizens, naturalized former Turkish citizens and their descendants and, since January 1, 2000, children born in Germany to parents with Turkish citizenship who initially receive German citizenship up to the age of 23 and then apply for have to decide on German or Turkish citizenship (option rule).

In total, there are a good 2.5 million people of Turkish origin in Germany, almost 700,000 of them with German citizenship. Minus those of Turkish origin who have a different mother tongue, according to the figures, over 40,000 residents of Schleswig-Holstein (including around 13,000 with German citizenship) speak Turkish as their mother tongue and over 10,000 as a second language. The Turkish-speaking population of the country is mainly distributed over a few cities: About half live in the four independent cities of Kiel , Lübeck , Flensburg and Neumünster .

Legal situation

European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages

According to the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages , the following are protected in Schleswig-Holstein :

The state of Schleswig-Holstein has taken on 36 individual obligations from the European Charter of Regional and Minority Languages ​​for the North Frisian language, 35 each for Low German and Danish and 27 for Romani.

Although the ratification law for the adoption of the European Charter of Regional and Minority Languages ​​with its obligations is federal law, the factual implementation competence remains with the individual German states as owners of original statehood due to the cultural sovereignty of the states .

State constitution

The state constitution in the version dated December 2, 2014 exists in a high and a low German version:

Article 6

“National minorities and ethnic groups

(1) Confession to a national minority is free; it does not release from general civic duties.

(2) The cultural autonomy and the political participation of national minorities and ethnic groups are protected by the state, the municipalities and municipal associations. The Danish national minority, the German Sinti and Roma minority and the Frisian ethnic group are entitled to protection and support. "

Article 12 :

"School system

...

(4) The legal guardians decide whether their children should attend the school of a national minority.

(5) Schools belonging to the Danish national minority ensure that their members are taught in accordance with the law. They are financed by the state in an amount corresponding to the financing of the public schools.

(6) The state protects and promotes the provision of Frisian and Low German lessons in public schools.

... "

Article 13 :

“Protection and promotion of culture

...

(2) The state protects and promotes the maintenance of the Low German language.

... "

Official, legal, judicial and parliamentary languages

According to the wording of Section 82a I of the Schleswig-Holstein State Administration Act of 1992 (LVwG SH), last amended on June 30, 2016, “German” is the official language in the northernmost federal state. This regulation according to LVwG SH has, however, been modified, among other things, by the obligations taken on the recognized regional and minority languages ​​according to the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages , the Frisian Act and changes in the State Administration Act itself. In addition, it is legally controversial whether “German” only means “High German” or also “Low German” (see the following section: Legal relationship between High and Low German ).

Partially (spatially and / or factually) in Schleswig-Holstein, in addition to Standard German, the regional and minority languages ​​Low German, Danish and Frisian have the rank of an official language: via the now clarifying regulation of § 82 b LVwG SH, Low German, Frisian and Danish are also expressly Official languages ​​are permitted in addition to Standard German; there is a similar regulation for Frisian in Section 1 of the Frisian Act . For Low German, the area of ​​application is nationwide according to the legal interpretation (see following section) and according to § 82 b LVwG SH, for Danish the status according to this standard applies in Flensburg and the districts of North Friesland , Schleswig-Flensburg and Rendsburg-Eckernförde , for Frisian in the district of North Friesland and on Heligoland .

Contrary to general assumption, according to Articles 30, 70 of the Basic Law (see also Article 23 VI GG) - apart from purely federal tasks (such as federal laws) - the legal competence to determine languages ​​and thus also official languages , among other things, is incumbent in the Federal Republic of Germany Part of the cultural sovereignty of the states with the individual federal states. The federal government's regulatory competence is actually only an exception and results from the need for regulation in its own affairs, but has a dominant effect overall.

The legal language of the state laws in force in Schleswig-Holstein is generally High German ; There are also a few - such as the Frisian law or the state constitution (see above) - multilingual laws. The Jutian Low from 1241 (used today in the version from 1592), which is still valid in individual standards in the Schleswig region (with exceptions on the west coast) and on the islands of Fehmarn and Heligoland, is available in Danish and Low German versions.

The question of whether languages ​​that are protected by a state constitution in Germany (such as Danish and Frisian in Schleswig-Holstein) thus achieve the status of regional partial court languages is currently answered in the negative according to predominant opinion in legal literature, according to another opinion affirmed (Baumbach / Lauterbach / Albers / Hartmann, Code of Civil Procedure, § 184 GVG Rn. 2 with reference to Frisian). In Section 13 , Paragraph 1 of the Schleswig-Holstein State Constitutional Court Act (the State Constitutional Court is a state-owned court exclusively dealing with state legal norms), reference is made to the provisions of the GVG regarding the language of the court. See also the following section on the language of the court: "Legal relationship between High and Low German".

Low German is also - albeit in separate sessions - the language of parliament in the state parliament; Low German and North Frisian are partly known as parliamentary languages ​​at the municipal level.

Legal relationship between High and Low German

The fundamental question of whether to use German as the official language - such as B. in Section 23 (1) of the Administrative Procedure Act (VwVfG) - only High German or Low German should be legally recognized, is answered inconsistently among lawyers and in court judgments: While the Federal Court of Justice in a decision on the submission of utility models to the Munich Patent Office in Low German equates to a foreign language ("Low German (Low German) registration documents are not written in German within the meaning of Section 4a, Paragraph 1, Clause 1 of the Utility Model Act (GebrMG)." - BGH decision of November 19, 2002 - Ref .: X ZB 23/01 ), according to Foerster / Friedersen / Rohde's comment on Section 82a of the Schleswig-Holstein State Administration Act (as of 1997), both High German and Low German were to be understood. The Schleswig-Holstein state government shared this legal opinion. Reference was also made to decisions by higher courts to the parallel standard § 184 of the Courts Constitution Act since 1927 ( OLG Oldenburg of October 10, 1927 - K 48, HRR 1928,392), according to which Low German is also to be defined as German . Following this legal conception, Low German would generally be the court and official language in Germany.

In Schleswig-Holstein itself, through the addition of the clarifying norm § 82 b LVwG SH, valid since July 29, 2016, the legal view of the status of Low German as an official language has meanwhile changed from (co-) subsumption as German to an independent language changed. In a statement for the Schleswig-Holstein state parliament , Stefan Oeter described the previous view as a makeshift construction .

Regardless of this, according to the general opinion, Low German is still regarded as a court language as part of German , as well as the official language in social proceedings according to Section 19 SGB ​​X

Place names

The names of the places and the geographical names are of different origin such as u. a. High German, Low German, Danish as well as South Jutian, North Frisian, Slavic and Dutch. Even today, most places and geographical terms, especially in the northern part of the country, have several names and spellings in the various national languages, some of which are official in addition to the High German name, and some are unofficial. Some cities should serve as an example here:

  • Bredstedt : Low German: Breedsteed , standard Danish : Bredsted , South Jutian : Bräjst , North Frisian: Bräist , Breetsteed
  • Eckernförde : Low German: Eckernföör , Eckernför , standard Danish : Egernførde , Egernfjord , Ekernførde , South Jutian : Nysted
  • Flensburg : Low German, Standard Danish and in Petuh: Flensborg , South Jutian: Flensborre , in the dialects of the North Frisian language: Flansborj , Flansbörj , Flensborag and Flensborig
  • Friedrichstadt : Low German: Friesstadt , Frieestadt , standard Danish : Frederiksstad , North Frisian: Fräärstää , Friedrichstääd , Dutch (original language in F.): Frederikstad aan de Eider
  • Schleswig : Low German: Sleswig , standard Danish : Slesvig by , South Jutian : Slasvig , Sljasvig , North Frisian: Slaswik
  • Wyk auf Föhr : Low German: De Wiek , De Wyk , standard Danish : Vyk , in the dialects of the North Frisian language: A Wik , Wik (üüb Feer), Wyk (Föör) , E Wiik

Place names of Slavic origin in the south-east of the country include Lübeck , Eutin and Preetz ; this part of the country was inhabited by Slavic peoples (including Wagrians ) until the 12th century .

Others

The list of Schleswig-Holstein writers and artists who published or worked in several of the national languages ​​is long. These include Theodor Storm (High German, Low German), Jochen Steffen (High German, Missingsch), Thomas Mann (High German; Low German in passages of his works), Hannes Wader (High German, Low German), Knut Kiesewetter (High German, Low German, North Frisian), Fiede Kay (High German, Low German, North Frisian), the band Torfrock (High German, Low German, Missingsch), Renate Delfs (High German, Low German, Petuh), Willy-August Linnemann (Danish, High German), Karin Johannsen-Bojsen (Danish, High German) and many more Further. In the long version of their song Nordisch by Nature , the band Fettes Brot combined three existing national languages ​​of Schleswig-Holstein (High German, Low German, Danish) and a former national language (Dutch), in the short version only High and Low German.

Audio samples on the web

1. Low German, Danish, North Frisian and Romany in comparison (same text)

  • Audio sample Low German: [2] (video of the state government)
  • Audio sample Danish: [3] (video of the state government)
  • Audio sample North Frisian: [4] (video of the state government)
  • Audio sample Romanes: [5] (video of the state government)

2. More audio samples

  • Audio samples in Sydslesvigdansk: [6]

Other web links

References and comments

  1. ↑ Depending on the method of counting: South Jutland is mainly classified as a dialect of Danish, South Jutland is less often considered as a separate language or as a dialect of the (later) independent language Jutian or, as a fourth variant , classified as a mixed Danish-Low German language.
  2. ^ Before Brandenburg (High German, Lower Sorbian, Low German, Romanes), Burgenland (High German, Burgenland-Croatian, Romanes, Hungarian), Graubünden (German, Italian, Rhaeto-Romanic , Jenisch ), Lower Saxony (High German, Low German, Sater Frisian, Romanes) and Vienna (High German , Slovak, Czech, Hungarian) with four legally recognized languages.
  3. ↑ from September 27, 1998 to September 17, 1999
  4. ^ Christian Hiersemenzel: Easy language scares voters . In: kn.de , April 5, 2017, accessed on May 5, 2017.
  5. ↑ The schleswigsch is, however, contrary to the drawings in the language area of the North Frisian language and as Nordschleswiger Platt in northern Schleswig spoken (Denmark) and also stretches as far as Kiel .
  6. ↑ The communities Ziethen (Lauenburg) , Mechow , Bäk and Römnitz came to Schleswig-Holstein with effect from November 27, 1945 (previously the Mecklenburg district of Schönberg ).
  7. ↑ Reinhard Golz, spokesman for the Federal Council for Low German - 15 years commissioner for national minorities and ethnic groups, borderland work and Low German ( Memento from November 15, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  8. ↑ University of Kiel - http://www.germsem.uni-kiel.de/ndnl/material/Lehre%20Prof.%20Elmentaler%20Sommer%2010/pdf-Folien%20Vorlesung%20Standard%20und%20Substandard%20SoSe%202010/Kopie % 20of% 20pdf slides / 8.pdf ( memento from January 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) - with reference to Frerk Möller: Low German in the 21st Century - inventory and perspectives, Leer, 2008, page 32 (27 percent of over 2 , 8 million inhabitants).
  9. ↑ According to a representative survey from 1984, mentioned in the report of the state government on the implementation of the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages ​​in Schleswig-Holstein 2007, 89 percent of the residents of the northern German states can at least understand Low German. See the report of the state government: Implementation of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ​​in Schleswig-Holstein - Language Chart Report 2007 ( Memento of the original from January 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. from page 15. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.schleswig-holstein.de
  10. ↑ Johann Friedrich Schütze: Holsteinisches Idiotikon. Verlag Heinrich Ludwig Vilaume, Hamburg 1800 online ( Memento from August 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  11. ↑ See also: Lower Saxony language .
  12. ↑ Most of the approximately 200,000 Plautdietsch speakers in Germany live in the federal states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate .
  13. ↑ The number of those from the Danish minority who also use one of the variants of the Danish language in everyday life is estimated at around 8,000 to 15,000; z. B. 8000 at http://www.gfbv.it/3dossier/vielfalt-dt.html .
  14. ↑ According to the University of Tromsø Archived copy ( memento of the original from March 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. there are 20,000 native speakers; see also the articles Danish minority in Germany and Speckdänen . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hum.uit.no
  15. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated August 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.schleswig-holstein.de
  16. ↑ http://www.kn-online.de/Schleswig-Holstein/Aus-dem-Land/Studie-aus-Hamburg-Daenische-Minderheit-doppel-so-gross
  17. ↑ http://www.migazin.de/2010/03/17/weniger-auslander-in-hamburg-und-schleswig-holstein/ .
  18. ↑ One example is the football player Christopher Avevor that the Danish school in Eckernförde visited articles: World Cup in Nigeria: This is Christopher Ding ( Memento of 26 October 2009 at the Internet Archive ).
  19. ↑ Apart from being a synonym for Sydslesvigdansk , the term Südschleswigsch also describes the southern dialects of Schleswig in two different definitions.
  20. ↑ In the southern foothills of the language area of ​​this subdialect.
  21. ↑ Example taken from shz on October 10, 2016 here online
  22. ↑ In the individual dialects of the language it is called Nordfräisch , Nordfrasch , Nordfreesk , Nordfreesch , Noorfriisk , Nuurdfresk or Nuurđfriisk .
  23. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from October 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.schleswig-holstein.de
  24. ↑ http://www.jswis.de/Foehr/Friesisch.htm
  25. ↑ The Helgoland dictionary gives the vocabulary with the first letters A to L of the Halunder ; after the death of the author Willy Krogmann , it was hardly completed any further.
  26. ^ Niels-Erik Larsen, Change of language and multilingualism in Nordfriesland , In: Slesvigland 1986/3, page 82
  27. ↑ on this article in the Low German Wikipedia: w: nds: School Risum
  28. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from October 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.schleswig-holstein.de
  29. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original dated December 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.schleswig-holstein.de
  30. ↑ on this: Page of the Sinti and Roma Schleswig-Holstein
  31. ↑ See also: Article Moisling .
  32. ↑ In eight Jewish communities; Information on political education, issue 307: Jewish life in Germany, page 69, 2/2010.
  33. ↑ SIL Ethnologue: u. a. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=207-16 , http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=yih .
  34. ↑ Exact data are only partially available, e.g. B. the indication of around 80,000 deaf people in Germany in 1999, z. B. in the German Association of the Hard of Hearing, Schleswig-Holstein State Association
  35. ↑ About us - Schleswig-Holstein Deaf Association
  36. ↑ See u. a. http://www.slesvigland.dk/asp_mdb_arkiv/loadtext_print.asp?billede=miniature_mtekst&nummer=1984-06-04de&sprog=de&id=3-2&soegeord=Roden%E4s0R%F8den%E6s&soegekriterie=fuldtekst&artikel_sprog= , Rodenäs .
  37. ↑ According to information, in the 1940s in the larger companies in Schleswig-Holstein around 20 to 25 percent of the employees were forced laborers, in Kiel alone there were around 36,000 (citing Bohn) - Oliver Krauss: Armament and armament testing in German naval history under particular Consideration of the Torpedoversuchsanstalt (TVA), dissertation, Kiel 2006.
  38. ↑ As in Schleswig-Holstein, there were also linguistic minorities among the German population in the former eastern regions.
  39. ↑ Some of them had little command of the German language
  40. ↑ http://www.migazin.de/2010/03/17/weniger-auslander-in-hamburg-und-schleswig-holstein/ , archived copy ( memento of the original from December 7, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: Der Archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.schleswig-holstein.de
  41. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original dated December 7, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.schleswig-holstein.de
  42. ↑ Distribution of the population of Turkish origin in Germany by federal state in 2014
  43. ↑ § 4 III StAG - the prerequisite is that at least one parent has been legally resident in Germany for eight years and is in possession of an unlimited residence permit.
  44. ↑ Almost 20 percent, u. a. Kurdish.
  45. ↑ Turkish minority
  46. ↑ Report of the state government: Implementation of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ​​in Schleswig-Holstein - Language Chart Report 2007 ( Memento of the original from January 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Page 21. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.schleswig-holstein.de
  47. ↑ see also: Fifth report of the Federal Republic of Germany according to Article 15 paragraph 1 of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, 2013, page 10 online ( memento of the original from March 9, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and still Not checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bmi.bund.de
  48. ↑ in the version dated December 2, 2014 [1] (High German / Low German)
  49. ↑ § 82a LVwG SH
  50. ↑ See also section: Legal relationship between High and Low German.
  51. ↑ The reasons for the continued validity of individual norms can be found in the fact that some Prussian laws such as the General Prussian Land Law in Schleswig-Holstein did not come into force, so that, among other things, according to Articles 55 et seq. EGBGB, individual norms are still applicable state law Regulations continue to exist - an example of today's application is the judgment of the OLG Schleswig-Holstein of December 14, 2000 (1 U 89/99), in which the question was whether the foreshore of Fehmarn is state-owned: OLG Schleswig-Holstein 11 U 89/99 of December 14, 2000 ( Memento of October 8, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  52. ↑ http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/633574/publicationFile/SprachenchartaberichtDownload.pdf , page 61.
  53. ↑ "The Angekl. complain as a violation of the legal norms about the procedure that the hearing of the witnesses before the LG. in Low German, so that she was not able to follow the hearing of the witnesses as a South German. This complaint is unfounded. Because according to § 184 GVG. the court language is German. The term "German" also includes Low German, even if, from a philological point of view, it is not a mere dialect, but is an independent language opposite the High German language. "
  54. ↑ Schleswig-Holstein State Parliament, transfer 18/5652
  55. ↑ see also: Schleswig-Holstein State Government, Action Plan Language Policy , Kiel 2015, esp. P. 13  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.schleswig-holstein.de  
  56. ↑ Barbara Bredemeier: Communicative procedural acts in German and European administrative law. 2007, p. 222 ff. With further references, in particular in footnotes 956, 957.
  57. ^ Jansen, comment from Personal Office Premium .
  58. ↑ Once spoken in Friedrichstadt and Eiderstedt.