European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
| Charter of Regional or Minority Languages
|
|
|---|---|
| Title (engl.): | Charter for Regional or Minority Languages |
| Date: | 5th November 1992 |
| Come into effect: | March 1, 1998 |
| Reference: | LR-No 0.108.2 in: LILEX , SEV No. 148 |
| Contract type: | Multinational |
| Legal matter: | Minority rights |
| Signing: | Subscription started on November 5, 1992 |
| Ratification : |
Ratification status
|
| Germany: | in force January 1, 1999 |
| Liechtenstein: | in force March 1, 1998 |
| Austria: | in force October 1, 2001 |
| Switzerland: | in force April 1, 1998 |
| Please note the note on the applicable contract version . | |
The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ( English European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , ECRML) was from on 5 November 1992 Euro Europe drawn.
target
The aim of the charter is for regional or minority languages to be recognized as a unique part of Europe's cultural heritage. She works to ensure that the togetherness of regional language minorities is not hindered by political borders. The unifying element of the charter is intended to strengthen cross-border cooperation between supporters of a language group. The regional and minority languages are to be protected from extinction and their use in the areas of law, schools, public, cultural, economic and social life and the media are to be expanded. This includes foreign language teaching and the study of the respective language , also and above all for their fellow citizens who speak a different language. The charter explicitly relies on the connection of different sections of the population, not on isolation from one another.
structure
The Languages Charter ( ETS No. 148) is divided into five sections.
- The first part (“General Provisions”) contains a very broad definition of the subject that does not differentiate between regional and minority languages. The Charter defines it as a language used by a historically settled minority of the population of a state that differs from the official language. It protects neither dialects of the official language nor the languages of immigrants .
- The second part (“Aims and Principles”) formulates general objectives and it is possible for states to subject one or more languages to the “protection” of this section (which is less binding than the third section).
- This third part ("Measures") contains a catalog of measures to improve the positions of the regional or minority languages in the areas
- " Education ",
- " Justice ",
- " Administrative authorities and public service companies",
- " Media ",
- "Cultural activities and facilities",
- "Economic and social life" and
- "Cross-border exchange".
- Each contracting party undertakes to implement at least 35 out of 98 possible measures from this catalog.
- The fourth part (“Application of the Charter”) regulates the reporting obligations of the signatory states.
- The fifth ("Final Provisions") contains regulations on signature and entry into force.
Validity
The Charter has so far been ratified by 25 Council of Europe states (as of November 5, 2017).
Countries that have not yet signed the Charter are: Albania , Andorra , Belgium , Bulgaria , Estonia , Georgia , Greece , Ireland , Latvia , Lithuania , Monaco , Portugal , San Marino and Turkey .
Azerbaijan , France , Iceland , Italy , Malta , Macedonia , Moldova and Russia have signed the Charter but have not yet ratified it.
| Country | signing | ratification | Enactment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | |||
| Andorra | |||
| Armenia | May 11, 2001 | Jan. 25, 2002 | May 1, 2002 |
| Azerbaijan | Dec 21, 2001 | ||
| Belgium | |||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Sep 7 2005 | 21 Sep 2010 | Jan. 1, 2011 |
| Bulgaria | |||
| Denmark | Nov 5, 1992 | 8 Sep 2000 | Jan. 1, 2001 |
| Germany | Nov 5, 1992 | 16 Sep 1998 | Jan. 1, 1999 |
| Estonia | |||
| Finland | Nov 5, 1992 | Nov 9, 1994 | 1st Mar 1998 |
| France | May 7, 1999 | ||
| Georgia | |||
| Greece | |||
| Ireland | |||
| Iceland | May 7, 1999 | ||
| Italy | June 27, 2000 | ||
| Latvia | |||
| Liechtenstein | Nov 5, 1992 | Nov 18, 1997 | 1st Mar 1998 |
| Lithuania | |||
| Luxembourg | Nov 5, 1992 | June 22, 2005 | Oct 1, 2005 |
| Croatia | Nov 5, 1997 | Nov 5, 1997 | 1st Mar 1998 |
| Malta | Nov 5, 1992 | ||
| Macedonia | July 25, 1996 | ||
| Moldova | July 11, 2002 | ||
| Monaco | |||
| Montenegro SCG | 22 Mar 2005 | Feb 15, 2006 | June 6, 2006 |
| Netherlands NL | Nov 5, 1992 | May 2, 1996 | 1st Mar 1998 |
| Norway | Nov 5, 1992 | Nov 10, 1993 | 1st Mar 1998 |
| Austria | Nov 5, 1992 | June 28, 2001 | Oct. 1, 2001 |
| Poland | May 12, 2003 | Feb 12, 2009 | June 1, 2009 |
| Portugal | |||
| Romania | July 17, 1995 | Jan. 29, 2008 | May 1, 2008 |
| Russia | May 10, 2001 | ||
| San Marino | |||
| Sweden | Feb 9, 2000 | Feb 9, 2000 | June 1, 2000 |
| Switzerland | Oct 8, 1993 | 23 Dec 1997 | Apr 1, 1998 |
| Serbia SCG | 22 Mar 2005 | Feb 15, 2006 | June 1, 2006 |
| Slovakia | Feb 20, 2001 | 5th Sep 2001 | Jan. 1, 2002 |
| Slovenia | 3rd July 1997 | Oct. 4, 2000 | Jan. 1, 2001 |
| Spain | Nov 5, 1992 | Apr 9, 2001 | Aug 1, 2001 |
| Czech Republic | Nov 9, 2000 | Nov 15, 2006 | 1st Mar 2007 |
| Turkey | |||
| Ukraine | May 2, 1996 | 19 Sep 2005 | Jan. 1, 2006 |
| Hungary | Nov 5, 1992 | Apr 26, 1995 | 1st Mar 1998 |
| United Kingdom UK | 2nd Mar 2000 | 27 Mar 2001 | July 1, 2001 |
| Cyprus | Nov 12, 1992 | Aug 26, 2002 | Dec. 1, 2002 |
List of protected languages
| language | Country | Scope of protection according to the charter | comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Albanian | Montenegro | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Albanian | Romania | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Albanian | Serbia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Aragonese | Spain | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Aranese | Spain | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Armenian | Poland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Armenian | Romania | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Armenian | Hungary | Part II (Article 7.5) | |
| Armenian | Cyprus | Part II (Article 7.5) | |
| Assyrian | Armenia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Asturian | Spain | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Basque | Spain | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Beasch | Hungary | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Bosnian | Montenegro | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Bosnian | Serbia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Bulgarian | Romania | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Bulgarian | Serbia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Bulgarian | Slovakia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Bulgarian | Hungary | Part II (Article 7.5) | |
| Bulgarian | Ukraine | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Bunjewakisch | Serbia | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Danish | Germany | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | Minority language of the Danish minority in Schleswig-Holstein |
| German | Armenia | Part II (Article 7) | |
| German | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| German | Denmark | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| German | Croatia | Part II (Article 7) | |
| German | Poland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| German | Romania | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| German | Switzerland | Part II (Article 7) | |
| German | Serbia | Part II (Article 7) | |
| German | Slovakia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| German | Czech Republic | Part II (Article 7) | |
| German | Ukraine | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| German | Hungary | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Finnish | Sweden | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| French | Switzerland | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Frisian ( West Frisian ) | Netherlands | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Frisian ( Sater Frisian , North Frisian ) | Germany | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | Minority language in Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein |
| Gagauz | Ukraine | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Galician | Spain | Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | In some parts of Spain, Galician is only protected by Part II, while in other parts it also falls under Part III |
| Greek | Armenia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Greek | Romania | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Greek | Ukraine | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Greek | Hungary | Part II (Article 7.5) | |
| Irish | United Kingdom | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Istror-Romanian | Croatia | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Italian | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Italian | Croatia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Italian | Romania | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Italian | Switzerland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Italian | Slovenia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Jenisch | Switzerland | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Yazidi | Armenia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Yiddish | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Yiddish | Finland | Part II (Article 7.5) | |
| Yiddish | Netherlands | Part II (Article 7.5) | |
| Yiddish | Poland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Yiddish | Romania | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Yiddish | Slovakia | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Yiddish | Sweden | Part II (Article 7.5) | |
| Yiddish | Ukraine | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Karaim | Poland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Karaim | Ukraine | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Karelian | Finland | Part II (Article 7.5) | |
| Kashubian | Poland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Catalan | Spain | Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | In some parts of Spain, Catalan is only protected by Part II, while in other parts it also falls under Part III |
| Cornish | United Kingdom | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Crimean Tatar | Ukraine | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Crimean Chakish | Ukraine | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Croatian | Montenegro | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Croatian ( Burgenland- Croatian ) | Austria | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Croatian | Romania | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Croatian | Serbia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Croatian | Slovakia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Croatian | Slovenia | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Croatian ( Moravian Croatian ) | Czech Republic | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Croatian | Hungary | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Kurdish | Armenia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Kven / Finnish | Norway | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Ladino | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Lemkish | Poland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Leonese | Spain | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Limburgish | Netherlands | Part II (Article 7) | Regional language |
| Lithuanian | Poland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Manx Gaelic | United Kingdom | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Macedonian | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Macedonian | Romania | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Macedonian | Serbia | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Meänkieli | Sweden | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Moldovan | Ukraine | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Montenegrin | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Low German | Germany | Part II (Article 7) or Part III (Articles 8-14) | Regional language; in North Rhine-Westphalia , Brandenburg and Saxony-Anhalt , Low German is only protected by Part II, while in Schleswig-Holstein , Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania , Hamburg , Bremen and Lower Saxony it also falls under Part III |
| Lower Saxon ( Nedersaksisch ) | Netherlands | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Polish | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Polish | Romania | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Polish | Slovakia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Polish | Czech Republic | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Polish | Ukraine | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Polish | Hungary | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Romansh | Switzerland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Romanes | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Romanes | Germany | Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | Minority language; In some parts of Germany, Romany is only protected by Part II, while in other parts it also falls under Part III |
| Romanes | Finland | Part II (Article 7.5) | |
| Romanes | Montenegro | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Romanes | Netherlands | Part II (Article 7.5) | |
| Romanes | Norway | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Romanes | Austria | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Romanes | Poland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Romanes | Romania | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Romanes | Sweden | Part II (Article 7.5) | |
| Romanes | Serbia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Romanes | Slovakia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Romanes | Slovenia | Part II (Article 7.5) | |
| Romanes | Czech Republic | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Romanes | Ukraine | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Romanes | Hungary | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Romanian | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Romanian ( Bajeschi-Romanian ) | Croatia | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Romanian | Ukraine | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Romanian | Hungary | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Romanian | Serbia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Russian | Armenia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Russian | Finland | Part II (Article 7.5) | |
| Russian | Poland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Russian | Romania | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Russian | Ukraine | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Ruthenian | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Ruthenian | Croatia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Ruthenian | Romania | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Ruthenian | Serbia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Ruthenian | Slovakia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Ruthenian | Ukraine | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Ruthenian | Hungary | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Sami ( Lule Sami ) | Norway | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Sami ( Lule Sami ) | Sweden | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Sami ( Inari Sami ) | Finland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Sami ( Northern Sami ) | Finland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Sami ( Northern Sami ) | Norway | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Sami ( Northern Sami ) | Sweden | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Sami ( Skolt Sami ) | Finland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Sami ( Skolt Sami ) | Norway | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Sami ( South Sami ) | Norway | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Sami ( South Sami ) | Sweden | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Scottish | United Kingdom | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Scottish Gaelic | United Kingdom | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Swedish | Finland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Serbian | Croatia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Serbian | Romania | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Serbian | Slovenia | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Serbian | Hungary | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Slovak | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Slovak | Croatia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Slovak | Austria | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Slovak | Poland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Slovak | Romania | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Slovak | Serbia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Slovak | Czech Republic | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Slovak | Ukraine | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Slovak | Hungary | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Slovenian | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Slovenian | Croatia | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Slovenian | Austria | Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | In some parts of Austria, Slovene is only protected by Part II, while in other parts it also falls under Part III |
| Slovenian | Hungary | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Sorbian ( Lower , Upper Sorbian ) | Germany | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | Minority language |
| Tatar | Finland | Part II (Article 7.5) | |
| Tatar | Poland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Tatar | Romania | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Czech | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Czech | Croatia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Czech | Austria | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Czech | Poland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Czech | Romania | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Czech | Serbia | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Czech | Slovakia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Turkish | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Turkish | Romania | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Ukrainian | Armenia | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Ukrainian | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Ukrainian | Croatia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Ukrainian | Poland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Ukrainian | Romania | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Ukrainian | Serbia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Ukrainian | Slovakia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Ukrainian | Hungary | Part II (Article 7.5) | |
| Ulster Scottish | United Kingdom | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Hungarian | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Hungarian | Croatia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Hungarian | Austria | Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | In some parts of Austria, Hungarian is only protected by Part II, while in other parts it also falls under Part III |
| Hungarian | Romania | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Hungarian | Serbia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Hungarian | Slovakia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Hungarian | Slovenia | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Hungarian | Ukraine | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Valencian | Spain | Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | In some parts of Spain, Valencian is only protected by Part II, while in other parts it also falls under Part III |
| Wallachian | Serbia | Part II (Article 7) | |
| Welsh | United Kingdom | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Belarusian | Poland | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Belarusian | Ukraine | Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) | |
| Cypriot Arabic | Cyprus | Part II (Article 7) |
Application of the Charter
In Germany
The charter was ratified by the federal government in 1998 and came into force on January 1, 1999. By depositing with the Council of Europe, Germany undertakes to protect five minority languages and one regional language, whereby the measures are limited to the federal states in which the language is widespread:
the minority languages
- Danish in the three variants Imperial Danish , Sydslesvigdansk and Sønderjysk in Schleswig-Holstein,
- Upper Sorbian in Saxony,
- Lower Sorbian in Brandenburg,
- North Frisian in Schleswig-Holstein,
- Sater Frisian in Lower Saxony and
- Romanes (protected under Part 2 since 1998, added later after Part 3 in Hesse ).
The regional language Low German in Bremen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein according to part 3, in Brandenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony-Anhalt according to part 2.
For each language separate and differently far-reaching measures were named, about the implementation of which the Federal Government informed in reports to the Council of Europe. Representatives of the language communities can also add comments in the reports.
In Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein has ratified the charter, but is not applying it as there are no corresponding minority languages in the country.
In Luxemburg
Luxembourg has ratified the Charter but is not applying it as there are no corresponding minority languages in the country.
In Austria
Austria ratified the Charter in 2001. Are minority languages within the meaning of the Charter
- Burgenland-Croatian in Burgenland,
- Slovenian in Carinthia and Styria,
- Hungarian in Burgenland and Vienna,
- Czech in Vienna,
- Slovak in Vienna and
- Romani in Burgenland.
In Switzerland
Switzerland is the only country in Europe in which Yenish has been recognized as a “non-territorial” language. In the reservations made at the time of ratification, Switzerland specifies the extent to which it intends to apply the Charter to Romansh and Italian as “less widely used official languages” . However, due to the prevailing principle of territoriality, the individual cantons have special competencies in the field of languages and so it is possible that the charter in the canton of Graubünden can be applied to Romansh and Italian, as they are recognized as cantonal minority languages. The same applies to Italian in the canton of Ticino.
Appreciation and criticism
The Charter is the first international agreement of this magnitude for the protection of minority and regional languages. It can thus also have the character of a reference beyond Europe. With it, "an instrument under international law was created for the first time in post-war European history ... that is geared towards collective law, essentialist and positively discriminatory."
The Charter's catalog of measures is staggered so that states can enter into commitments to protect individual languages, taking into account both their options and their needs. However, the choice of the strength of the measures rests with the governments of the states and is restricted by financial and political claims.
The charter does not contain the possibility of enforcing language rights at the European level, but is dependent on the adoption in the laws of the states.
The restriction to autochthonous language minorities and the associated exclusion of the languages of migrants follows "a peculiar pragmatism". Languages are also ignored, the majority of which are not categorized as individual or extended languages but as dialects . "The Charter uses the principle of territoriality to determine what is considered a minority or regional language, even if it is problematic to apply this principle to linguistic realities". In his investigation of the territorial principle of the Language Charter, Felix Tacke questions the linguistic substance of the term regional language .
The exclusion of official languages is also problematic. B. Luxembourgish or Portugal-based Mirandés . The “ Universal Declaration of Language Rights ” of 1996, on the other hand, emphasizes the personal right to use one's own language and is therefore more extensive than the Charter, but is not implemented in this way.
The obligation of the signatory states to report at regular intervals on their progress in promoting their respective minority languages puts a certain pressure on the states to actually meet the demands. However, there are no sanctions if they are not observed.
See also
literature
- Franz Lebsanft , Monika Wingender (ed.): The language policy of the Council of Europe. The “European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages” from a linguistic and legal point of view . De Gruyter, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-024083-2 .
- Ulf-Thomas Lesle : Identity project Low German: The definition of language as a political issue . In: Robert Langhanke (Ed.): Language, Literature, Space. Verl. Für Regionalgeschichte, Bielefeld 2015, ISBN 978-3-89534-867-9 , pp. 693–741.
- Ulf-Thomas Lesle: Imagined community: Low German identity constructions . In: Martin Rheinheimer (Ed.): Writing and Identity in the Modern Age. Wachholtz, Neumünster 2004, ISBN 3-529-02938-6 , pp. 241-256.
- Samuel Salzborn : Ethnicization of Politics: Theory and history of ethnic group law in Europe . Campus Verl., Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-593-37879-5 .
- Felix Tacke: Belgium. Territorial principle and minority issues against the background of the ECRM . In: Franz Lebsanft, Monika Wingender (ed.): The language policy of the Council of Europe. The “European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages” from a linguistic and legal point of view. De Gruyter, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-024083-2 , pp. 87-104.
Web links
- Council of Europe: European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
- Version agreed between Germany, Austria and Switzerland with footnotes (PDF, 591 KiB)
- Statement by the German Federal Ministry of the Interior ( Memento of August 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (July 2002)
- Report of the Austrian Federal Government on the implementation of the goals of the "European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages" (Language Charter)
- General Declaration of Language Rights of Barcelona 1996 in translation by the STP
Individual evidence
- ↑ European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages CETS No. 148. Council of Europe, November 5, 2017, accessed on November 5, 2017 .
- ↑ Reservations and declarations for Treaty No. 148 - European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, type of declaration: Territorial scope
- ↑ Languages protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Council of Europe, 1 May 2015, accessed 17 May 2018 .
- ↑ Switzerland recognizes the Yenish as a non-territorial language
- ↑ Charter and reservations on admin.ch
- ^ A b Samuel Salzborn (Ed.): Minority Conflicts in Europe. Historical development, current controversies and solution strategies. Innsbruck 2006, p. 17.
- ↑ Ulf-Thomas Lesle: Identity Project Low German. The definition of language as a political issue. In R. Langhanke (Ed.): Language, Literature, Space. Fs. For Willy Diercks. Bielefeld 2015, p. 704.
- ^ Felix Tacke: Belgium. Territorial principle and minority policy against the background of the ECRM. In: F. Lebsanft, M. Wingender (Ed.): The language policy of the Council of Europe. Berlin 2012, p. 92.