South Sami language
| South Sami (åarjelsaemien gïele) | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
Norway , Sweden | |
| speaker | ≈500 | |
| Linguistic classification |
|
|
| Official status | ||
| Official language in | recognized as a minority language in two municipalities in Norway and Sweden | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -2 |
sma |
|
| ISO 639-3 |
sma |
|
South Sami is the most south-westerly of the Sami languages . It is highly threatened and is still spoken mainly in the municipalities of Snåsa and Røyrvik in Norway , as well as in Sweden. Of the approximately 2000 South Sami, only about 500 speak fluent South Sami.
Writing and spelling
South Sami has been an official written language since 1978. The spelling is based on Swedish and Norwegian and uses the following Latin alphabet: A / a, B / b, D / d, E / e, F / f, G / g, H / h, I / i, (Ï / ï), J / j, K / k, L / l, M / m, N / n, O / o, P / p, R / r, S / s, T / t, U / u, V / v, Y / y, Æ / æ, Ø / ø, Å / å.
In Sweden, instead of Æ / æ, Ø / ø, the usual characters Ä / ä, Ö / ö are used.
In foreign words, C / c, Q / q, W / w, X / x, Z / z are also possible.
Phonology
Vowels
Standard language vowel phonemes (orthographic equivalents in brackets):
| front | central | back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |
| high | i (i) | y (y) | ɨ (ï / i) 1 | ʉ (u) | u (o) | |
| medium high | e: (ee) | ø: (øø / öö)2 | o: (åå) | |||
| medium deep | ɛ (e), ɛ: (ee) | ɔ (å) | ||||
| deep | æ (ä / æ) 2 , æ: (ae) | a (a) | ɑ: (aa) | |||
1 The vowels i and ɨ are usually both spelled with i , but dictionaries and other linguistic publications use ï for the latter vowel.
2 The letters æ and ø are used in Norway, ä and ö in Sweden.
The vowels can be combined to form ten diphthongs :
| not rounded at the front | rounded at the front | central unrounded | centrally rounded | back-front | back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| high-medium | iɛ (ie) | yœ (yø / yö) | ɨɛ (ïe) | ʉɛ (ue) | uʌ (oe) | |
| medium-low | eæ (ea) | ɵa (among others) | oæ (åe) | oɒ (åa) |
Consonants
South Sami has 17–20 independent consonant phonemes (the orthographic equivalents in brackets).
| labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosives and Affricates | p (b, p) | t (d, t) | ts (ts) | tʃ (tj) | k (g, k) | ||
| Aspirated plosives | pʰ (p) | tʰ (t) | kʰ (k) | ||||
| Fricatives | f (f) | s (s) | ʃ (sj) | h (h) | |||
| Nasals | m (m) | n (n) | ɲ (nj) | ŋ (ng) | |||
| Lateral | l (l) | ||||||
| Vibrants | r (r) | ||||||
| Approximants | β-w (v) | j (j) |
All consonants except the aspirated plosives are also geminated.
The aspirated plosives only contrast initially (from loan words) with the simple plosives, cf. taale / tʰa: lə / 'number' ~ daale / ta: lə / 'crown (coin)' and can perhaps also be interpreted as sequences of p, t, k + h. The simple plosives can be voiced, especially in the southern dialect. B. written in the initial and between unstressed vowels with b , d , g ; otherwise they are rather voiceless and are written with p , t , k . Gemined plosives and affricates are considered semi-voiced and are therefore written with bp , dt , dts , dtj and gk .
The so-called pre-aspirated plosives and affricates are understood here (as in orthography) as sequences of / h / + plosive / affricata, not as separate sounds. Accordingly, voiceless nasals, l , r and approximants are interpreted as allophones next to h . However, this question has not been sufficiently investigated.
Phonetic change
In contrast to the other Sami languages, there is no level change in South Sami, so the consonants do not alternate between different word forms.
For this, the umlaut is strongly developed in South Sami. Up to 5 different umlaut variants can be formed from each base vowel:
| + e / i (<* ə) | + a / e (<* ā) | + oe / o (<* ō) | + e (<* u) | + ie / e (<* ē) | + e / i (<* i) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | ï | æ | æ | y | i | i |
| a | a | a | a | O | e | i |
| O | O | å | å | O | u | u |
| ie | ïe | ea | ea | yø | ie | ee |
| aa | aa | aa | aa | åå | ae | ee (ææ) |
| åa | åa | åa | åa | åå | åe | øø |
| oe | oe | among others | åa | åå | ue | øø |
morphology
noun
South Sami has eight cases and differentiates between singular and plural when it comes to nouns. The inflection is essentially agglutinating, but the case endings are not always the same in the plural as in the singular. As a plural sign used in the nominative -h , otherwise i / j to which the case endings are added.
In contrast to North Sami, accusative and genitive as well as locative and ablative are still differentiated. Essive and comitive singular have only recently coincided.
Four strains can be distinguished: ie strains, e strains, a strains and oe strains.
Overview of the modern inflection of guelie 'fish':
| Nominative | Genitive | accusative | Illative | locative | ablative | Comitative | Essive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | guelie | guelien | gueliem | gualan | guelesne | gueleste | gueline | gueline |
| Plural | guelieh | gueliej | guelide | guelide | gueline | guelijste | gueliejgujmie | - |
In the past, in addition to the nominative i , umlaut of the stem vowel to öö was used in the comitative singular and plural : Gen. Pl. Göölij etc.
pronoun
The personal pronoun also has dual forms. The other pronouns inflect like the noun.
verb
The South Sami verb has special dual forms for the two number.
When it comes to verb, a distinction is made between odd-syllable and even-syllable verbs; the latter have six different stem classes.
Overview of the forms of the ie stems using the example of båetedh 'to come':
| Present | preterite | imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Sg. | båatam | böötim | |
| 2nd Sg. | båatah | böötih | båetieh |
| 3rd Sg. | båata | bööti | |
| 1. You. | båetien | booetimen | |
| 2. You. | båeteden | booetids | båeteden |
| 3. You. | båetiejægan | böötigan | |
| 1st pl. | båetebe | böötimh | |
| 2nd pl. | båetede | böötidh | båetede |
| 1st pl. | båetieh | villain | |
| participle | båetije | båateme | |
| Negative form | båetieh | gerund | båetieminie |
| infinitive | båetedh | Verbal noun | båeteme |
syntax
In contrast to North Sami, South Sami has the basic structure SOV . Only the copula ('sein') and auxiliary verbs appear in the second place.
In addition, the copula in the third person indicative present tense can also be missing.
In addition to the verb utnedh , a construction with copula and genitive of the owner is used for 'have' : Laaran bienje 'Laara has a dog' (literally 'Laaras is a dog').
literature
- Knut Bergsland: Røroslappisk grammatikk . 1946.
- Knut Bergsland: Sydsamisk grammatikk . 1982.
- Knut Bergsland, Lajla Mattson Magga: Åarjelsaemien-daaroen baakoegærja . 1993.
- Gustav Hasselbrink: South Sami Dictionary I – III . 1981, 1983, 1985.
- Per-Martin Israelsson, Sakka Nejne: Svensk-sydsamisk, sydsamisk-svensk: ordbok och ortnamn / Daaroen-åarjelsaemien, åarjelsaemien-daaroen: baakoegärja jih sijjienommh . 2008.
- Eliel Lagercrantz: Linguistics of South Lappish according to the dialect of Wefsen . 1923.
- Eliel Lagercrantz: Dictionary of South Lappish after the dialect of Wefsen . 1926.
- Ole Henrik Magga, Lajla Mattsson: Sørsamisk grammatikk . Davvi Girji 2012.
Web links
- South Sami grammar
- South Sami analyzer
- Samien Sijte - South Sami Museum and Cultural Center
- Research and teaching on South Sami. Universitetet i Tromsø
- South Sami in the Glottopedia