Regional and minority languages ​​in Europe

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The various regional and minority languages in Europe can be divided into four categories:

  • The languages ​​of communities in a single state that do not constitute a majority there, for example Sorbian in Germany or Welsh in the United Kingdom.
  • The languages ​​of communities in two or more states that are not in majority in either country, for example Basque in France and Spain or Sami (Lappish) in Finland, Norway and Sweden.
  • The languages ​​of communities that are a minority in one state but a majority in another, for example Danish in Germany, Finnish in Sweden and Swedish in Finland.
  • Non-territorial languages that are traditionally spoken in one or more States, but a certain area can not be assigned, for example, the language of the Sinti and Roma ( Romani ), Jews ( Yiddish ), the Jeni ( Jenisch ) or the Russia Mennonites ( Plautdietsch ).

Dialects and languages ​​of immigrants are not included.

The European Union also includes Luxembourgish as a minority language, as it is not an official language of the EU . Irish had this status until June 13, 2005 .

For several years now, national sign languages ​​have also been given minority language status in various countries of the European Union . However, these are not listed separately here.

Countries with linguistic minorities

Albania

Andorra

Belgium

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bulgaria

Denmark

Germany

Estonia

Finland

France

Greece

Ireland

Italy

Croatia

Kosovo

Latvia

Lithuania

Macedonia

Montenegro

Moldova

Netherlands

Norway

Austria

→ Minority languages ​​in Austria

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Sweden

Switzerland

"The minority languages ​​covered by the charter and protected in Switzerland are German in Bosco-Gurin (Walseric), German in Ederswiler (Jura), Italian in Graubünden, Italian in Ticino, Romansh, Yenish and Yiddish."

Serbia

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

Czech Republic

Turkey

other Turkic languages such as:

Ukraine

Hungary

United Kingdom

Crown possessions of the British Crown

Belarus (Belarus)

Cyprus

See also

literature

  • Joachim Born, Sylvia Dickgießer: German-speaking minorities. An overview of the state of research for 27 countries. Institute for the German Language on behalf of the Foreign Office, Mannheim 1989, ISBN 978-3-922641-39-1 (research report on German as a minority language)
  • Ulf-Thomas Lesle: Imagined community: Low German identity constructions. In: Martin Rheinheimer (ed.): Writing and Identity in the Modern Age, Wachholtz, Neumünster 2004, pp. 241–256, ISBN 3-529-02938-6 .
  • Samuel Salzborn (Ed.): Minority Conflicts in Europe: Case Studies and Solutions . Studienverlag, Vienna 2006. ISBN 978-3-7065-4181-7 .
  • Jan Wirrer: Minority and regional languages ​​in Europe . Westdeutscher Verlag, Wiesbaden 2000, ISBN 3-525-26535-2 / VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2000, ISBN 3-531-13131-1 .
  • Friedrich Heckmann : Ethnic minorities, people and nation. Sociology of inter-ethnic relations, Enke, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-432-99971-2 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ At least not in the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages .
  2. ↑ https://www.parlament.ch/de/ratsbetrieb/suche-curia-vista/geschaeft?AffairId=20164000
  3. ↑ European report on regional and minority languages (PDF; 1.4 MB) Section 1.3.28 p. 7; Section 2.2.5 p. 107

Web links

Wiktionary: minority language  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Wiktionary: minority language  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations