Yenish language

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jenisch

Spoken in

Germany , Austria , Switzerland , France , Benelux countries
speaker Number unknown
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Recognized minority /
regional language in 		Switzerland
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

-

ISO 639 -2

mis

ISO 639-3

yec

Jenisch is a variety of the German language , linguistically a special language of Jeni , ie "rolling" of populations or fixed by their descendants.

Language designation

Linguists conduct consistent, though not without reservation, the group name jenisch and the language name Jenisch from the novel by džan (Wolf) or Džin (Matras) for "know" from. In terms of meaning, Jenisch corresponds to the neighboring kochem (“wise”), borrowed from Yiddish , which is also used as a language name and designation for the groups of speakers (Kochemer) without any clear delimitation . In contrast to Rotwelsch , Jenisch and Kochem are self- names .

In the magazine "Scharotl" of the Radgenossenschaft der Landstrasse (February 2019) this theory is contradicted in detail. The historian Willi Wottreng considers the derivation of “Yeniche” from a Roma word to be improbable. The first equation of “Jenisch” with a word for “knowledge” by Captain Josef K. von Train, who researched “crooks languages” in the 1830s, is speculative. The linguist Sigmund A. Wolf took up this dubious theory in his "Dictionary of the Rotwelschen" in 1956, but: "There is no evidence that the word actually developed from the Romanes", writes "Scharotl". In contrast, the author refers to a word "Jenne" in the German dictionary of the Brothers Grimm , which appears for the first time in a poem in a Freidank edition from 1538 and which, in context, describes a person "who enjoys the day and life". This word has so far not been heeded by research. The author suspects that the word "Jenne" rather than the Romanes derivation has a connection to the term "Yeniche". And he comments: "Perhaps the early word 'Jenne' is even a key to insights into the existence of the Yeniche before the Thirty Years' War, as it is older than this war."

In Yenish publications it is also claimed that the word for the group of Yeniche speakers was documented as early as the 12th century, centuries before the arrival of Roma in Europe; For example, it says: “In the archives of the city of Freiburg in Breisgau there are documents that prove that the Yeniche were mentioned as early as the 12th and 13th centuries and not, as is often wrongly assumed, not until the 18th century. Jenisch as a self-designation appears for the first time in the 13th century, when there is talk of Yeannian Freyleut. ”However, there are again no sources: A contribution in the recognized Geneal forum for genealogy writes:“ In the city archive of Freiburg im Breisgau, no documents relating to ' Yeannian freemen 'can be found. "

Linguistic characteristics

The special character of the "Yenish" results from a semantically different, narrowly limited sub-word inventory of German, including numerous borrowings from other languages. The main word stock, grammar, syntax and sound are also those of the surrounding majority language (e.g. German, French). The different lexicon follows in the formation of new compound words , affixation , permutation and the formation of metonyms the German system of word formation. The Yenish is characterized by reinterpretations of commonly used words through the transfer of meaning and the shifting of meaning. Since the independent word stock is limited, the design options are also limited.

The historical Jenisch is evidenced by a series of glossaries, the content of which was mainly collected from a regulatory and security, judicial and prosecution-oriented interest and queried under repressive conditions. To the extent that more recent lists do not still take this point of view, they are at least also mostly fragmentary.

Jenisch is a spoken language variety. To what extent it is spoken today in addition to the standard language of the majority of society, apart from in a few niches beyond relics with only situational use, is unknown, so that a statement about the number of speakers cannot be made.

Contact languages ​​and related special languages

Regional dialects of Jenischen in Austria, Switzerland, Germany, the Benelux countries and France have on different close contacts between Jenischen , Jews and Roma close as they each in varying degrees borrowings and adaptations from the Yiddish and the Romanes included. Romanisms from French and Italian prove contacts with speakers of these languages ​​as well. Many Yenish words and expressions have entered everyday German.

In German linguistics, Jenisch is classified as a variant or part of Rotwelschen . Because of this and because of similarities in vocabulary and linguistic usage, there are different interpretations of which other local or regional languages, e.g. Sometimes under other language names such as " Kochum " (e.g. Hundeshagen in Eichsfeld), " Masematte " (Münster in Westphalia), " Manisch " (e.g. Gießen), "Lakerschmus" ( Weimerskirch in Luxembourg) or Pleisle ( Killertal) are known to be attributed to the Yenish and / or the Rotwelsch. Words and speaker groups of the local and regional Yenish variants are assessed by linguistics as incongruent in terms of their genesis and social classification. Linguists find it difficult to distinguish them from Rotwelsch. It can be said with certainty that the language designation Rotwelsch is older, is a foreign label and is not used as a group designation. The dividing line is clearly drawn from Romani as a language of the Roma that is independent in every respect.

Language history

First evidence

The first evidence for the Yenish language can be found in the Basel Frauds of 1450, where a word list of the commonly referred to as Rothwelsch reproduces the language that corresponds to the Yenish still spoken today. Another earlier source is the Liber Vagatorum from 1510, where, in addition to typical Yenish words, a whole series of trades by travelers, the traditional Yenish trades of kesslers, tinsmiths, scissors grinders, showmen, etc. are listed. A later document of eight words of what it is called "Yenish language" exists as a copy of two copies from the middle of the 19th century for the year 1714 ( Kluge ). Accordingly, it was fraudulent Viennese "waiters" who had resorted to "a certain type of speech", "which they call the Yenish language." The excerpt does not contain any evidence that it is " travelers " who (also) so speak. He describes language as a medium for breaking the law and the speakers as delinquent. A second mention can be found in a “list of thieves” from 1716. It relates spatially to Swabians, the listed are categorized as “ robbers , thieves, chisel-tailors and other Jauners- Bursch”. They are assigned a larger number of Rotwelsch words. One word is stated to be taken from the "Yenish language".

Only in 1791 is there a third reference in the title of a word list, namely on the “Jauner and Yenish language”. The conditions in which the glossary was created are questionable. The author was the so-called Konstanzer Hans , shoemaker's son and leader of a “band of robbers”. He gave his information as evidence of his "true repentance" in detention and before his execution, which he hoped to avert. As a spokesman for the “Yenish language” he calls “Jauner”, whom he describes as a criminal. Detailed description of all those robbers, thieves, ..., Dillingen 1716 (“Dillinger List”).

With the “Abriß des Jauner- und Bettelwesens in Schwaben” by the pastor and orphanage director Johann Ulrich Schöll, published in 1793, the first font was then available in which the term “Jenisch” was consistently used as a language name. Schöll also spatially delimits Swabia. For the first time he used the word quoting as the self-designation of the speaker. Schöll categorizes socio-cultural and criminological. He differentiates between two groups: beggars and Jauner who speak Yenish “in addition to the national language”. The speakers called themselves “Yenish in their social language, i. i. People who do not have a branch anywhere; as it in the Canzley- and vernacular name of vagrants or tramps and hoodlums lead ". An ethnic-cultural moment is recognizable in the characterization of the speakers as being linked to one another through commonalities in their “way of life, in their customs and other circumstances”.

To the history of perception

Overall, it can be said that the term is much younger than the competing “Rotwelsch”. It has remained a rarity for at least a century since it first appeared in the early 18th century. At least during this period, it is primarily defined socially and criminologically, not ethnically. The tenth volume of Grimm's dictionary , published in 1877, still represents this mode of description when the lemma “Jenisch” assigns the word to the “crooks language” or a “rascal language” spoken in Swabia.

The Yenish's history of perception is an essential part of its history. It is about the perception of a non-written minority by a written majority society that has influential media, whose writing viewers are "educated" and are mostly officials in the judiciary and other organs of a "good policey".

At the beginning of the reception of the Rotwelschen and then the Yenish there was their stigmatization as crook and secret languages. This understanding of language corresponded with the criminalization of the speaker. It has remained dominant until very recently. The view of the prosecuting authorities, guided by regulatory and judicial interests, made this one function that every language can have, namely to conceal communication from non-speakers, to the main characteristic. He completely neglected the importance of identity-building and integrative, cohesion-promoting importance, especially for socially excluded groups of mixed social, regional and linguistic origins.

With the emergence of a folkloristic interest in regional history from around the end of the 19th century, a new interest in reception interfered. Efforts were made to gain “homeland” originality from the material, idealized its object and used it as a prop for the representation of a premodern intact homeworld.

The historical Jenisch speakers

Historically, language variants called “Jenisch” (as well as the competing terms), if one proceeds roughly from the first appearance of the term, developed in a speaker population that was heterogeneous in terms of landscape and social origin and whose composition fluctuated. The essential commonality of their relatives was their origin from the lower and non-industrial classes of the early modern poverty society.

The authoritarian label of “ rogue rabble” was due to the fact that this part of the population was legally marginalized by a nationwide ban on entry, residence and toleration, economically by niche activities that were only practicable on an outpatient basis and socially by the stigma of the potential criminal . The often generations-long exclusion of family groups from the majority society, which was organized in permanent subject associations, favored the emergence of approaches of a separate ethnicity and the formation of a separate collective self-image on the margins of the majority society and at the same time at a distance from the outwardly closed groups of Roma and the wandering Jews. Language should have played an important role in this.

Since in the 18th century there were opportunities to give up the vague way of life and to stabilize the living situation through domicile in the 18th century with the occasional offer of sovereign settlements, around the middle of the 19th century with the reform of the settlement law and the establishment of "wild" settlements Temporary or permanent “travelers” of different origins. In their settlements on the outskirts or away from the existing villages, however, the residents remained socially marginalized. The constant contact in these places of settled groups of speakers of different ethnic and linguistic origins and the abandonment of the closed marriage pattern, in addition to the rather fleeting contacts on the “journey”, should explain the borrowings from other Yenish languages.

Current situation

Legal status

With the ratification of the European Language Charter in 1997, Switzerland gave the Yenish the status of a “non-territorial language”. In 2009, the Federal Council replied to the language policy recommendations of the Council of Europe's Committee of Ministers and Experts: "It supports a project implemented by the Yenish themselves to promote and preserve the Yenish language and culture" .

New tendencies

For some time now there has been an endeavor in two social contexts to perceive Yenisch while avoiding traditional negative connotations: on the one hand, scientifically in language research and, on the other hand, in the minority itself. Here, one wants to constitute and perceive oneself as an ethnic minority in the political arena as well become. Speakers of Yenish associations try in this context to profile and contour the Yenish more clearly, to differentiate it from neighboring language varieties, to re-explain its origin and to add a myth of origin (“Celtic roots”) to it.

What is still largely missing is the “normalization” of the view of a phenomenon that is perceived as exotic by including perspectives relating to social history, migration history or identity history.

Spokesman for the Yenish today

Scattered across Central and Western Europe, people today see themselves as Yeniche. It is not their social position or their job, not their reality of life as a traveler or sedentary, and not necessarily a Yenish language competence, but ties of family and family history, historical and cultural content that form the core of the Yenish self-image where this is still consciously represented.

The speakers of the Yenish idiom do not form a closed group that can be separated from the majority population. The traditional occupations as peddlers , tinkers , scissors grinders or brush makers have disappeared today. Recycling of old materials in the form of scrap and junk goods, the supply of flea markets, showmanship, and artist activity are still there. Modern forms of traditional professions are e.g. B. antiques and vehicle trade, branches of industry that allow permanent Yeniche residents a closer connection to their cultural milieu. It is not known how many are still “travelers” or live in a fixed location and work in civil professions. In places where a traditional way of life still corresponds to the gypsy cliché of the majority society, they can be confused with Sinti or Roma. Unless families and individuals are bicultural, however, there is no ethnic commonality.

Locally (in Germany, for example, in Leinzell or Gießen , in Austria, for example, in Salzburg and Loosdorf ), Jenisch is still learned by young people who incorporate individual words from the Yenish language into the language of young people . In other places, for example in Pfedelbach in Württemberg , efforts are being made to update the remnants of the Yenish language. In the teaching project Jenisch, the language of the jugglers, pupils at the Pfedelbach secondary school dealt in detail with the Jenisch language in Pfedelbach and on the Heuberg and wrote a Jenisch rap and a song in Jenisch. The community hall , inaugurated in 2017, bears the Jenish name Nobelgusch , which means something like 'noble house'.

On pilgrimages and festivals, for example the Feckerchilbi , which is carried out by the Radgenossenschaft der Landstrasse and friendly organizations every two or three years in different places in Switzerland, Yeniche who live permanently, temporarily or not permanently, meet. These meetings are important places for language maintenance, language retention and Yenish communication across family and national borders. Yenish comments are increasingly being made in Jenisch in personal Facebook entries. In December 2016, the magazine Scharotl of the Swiss cycling association of the Landstrasse published a Yenish version of the prayer Our Father under the title Der Grandig Jenisch .

In addition, the Jenisch was used by non-Jenish butchers and farmers when trading (especially in the south-western region of Germany). The Yenish was called the "butcher's language" here. Jenisch was the trade language in the cattle trade until the 1980s.

Yenish literature

The Jenish writer Engelbert Wittich

Beyond small forms of casual literature, there is no Yenish non-fiction or fiction. Writers with a Yenish self-image publish in the language of the majority society in which they grew up. In Germany Engelbert Wittich (1878–1937) published poems and songs in Jenisch. The Austrian Yenish Romed Mungenast (1953-2006) published short texts and poems in German and Jenisch.

Language examples

Examples of the sentence structure

with interlinear translation (Swiss Jenisch):

Jenisch German interlinear German
De Laschischmadori muli chant on the perverted Shai, The coffee machine broke yesterday, Yesterday my coffee machine broke
yourself look at the wall, himself looked to make him whole, I tried to fix them myself
I'm me abe lori, but i didn't succeed but I didn't succeed
drum delt ne mim olmische zem ne amount of gwand. therefore gave it to my father to make it whole. so I took it to my father to have it repaired.

Colloquial German and Jenisch

A - very artificial - compilation of example words and idioms from the Rotwelsch / Yenish, which entered the colloquial language of the majority of society:

“When a perky or nasty guy wanders into the pub , chatters about the sour cucumber time and complains about his maloche . If he then another bull to Moss anhaut, the very savvy just his neighborhood graze and all down the drain is because he a buck on booze has, which is Feez over. It rips course, if you ... the drummer in the charred Penne or pooft jail . "

See also

literature

Local / regional folk literature

  • Günter Danzer: Jenisch diebra en Oberberg - history and life between the castle and Stettberg . Castle Hill 2000.
  • Günter Danzer: Jenisch diebra en Oberberg - songs, poems, stories and word lists , with songs and texts on CD, Burgberg 2006.
  • Hans Haid: The “Yenish” . In: Dialect. International half-yearly publication for dialect and dialect literature 7 (1983), no. 2, pp. 2-36.
  • Hasso von Haldenwang: The Yeniche. Memories of the Wildenstein peddler . Crailsheim 1999.
  • Franz Jansky, Noppi Gadschi, Jenisch Baaln: Jenisch in Loosdorf [Austria] . Loosdorf 1991.
  • Fritz Neuschäfer: The history of the “Yenish” and “Manic” in Giessen . In: Manfred H. Klös (arrangement): A piece of Giessen history . Giessen o. J. (1988), pp. 51-55.
  • Jakob Kronenwetter: “They are Yeniche - told by a minority”, stories and word lists about the Yeniche . Fichtenau September 2008.

Historical literature and its evaluation

  • Rocco Merlino D'Arcangelis: The persecution of the socio-linguistic group of the Yeniche (also known as the German land drivers) in the Nazi state 1934–1944 [two parts; in the first part an evaluation of the literature on word lists of the 18th and 19th centuries]: [1] ; on this as a critical review: [2]
  • Josef Karl von Train: Chochemer Loschen. Dictionary of crooks and thieves - commonly known as the Yenish language . Regensburg 1832 ( digitized version ); Reprint: Leipzig 2011, ISBN 978-3-8262-3014-1 .
  • Engelbert Wittich, Louis Günther: Yenish language . In: Archives for criminal anthropology and criminalistics. Ed. By Hans Gross (Leipzig), 63rd Vol. (1915), pp. 1-46, 97-133, 372-396, 64th Vol. (1916) 127-183, 297-355, 65th Vol. (1917), pp. 33-89 ( PDF ).

Linguistic literature

  • Christian Efing: Jenisch among the showmen. With a glossary of written sources (= special language research. Volume 10). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2004, ISBN 3-447-04834-4 ( PDF, Uni Wuppertal ).
  • Christian Efing: The Lützenhardter Jenisch. Studies on a special German language. With a dictionary and speech samples on CD-ROM (=  special language research , 11). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-447-05208-2 ( PDF, Uni Wuppertal ).
  • Christian Efing: Penn Jenisch! The large dictionary of the Lützenhardt Jenisch. Secret Language Publishing House (GSV), Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-9813057-0-8 .
  • Christian Efing: Jenisch. In: Janet Duke (Ed.): EuroComGerm. Learn to read Germanic languages. Volume 2: Less commonly learned Germanic languages. Afrikaans, Faroese, Frisian, Yenish, Yiddish, Limburgish, Luxembourgish, Low German, Nynorsk. Shaker, Düren 2019, ISBN 978-3-8440-6412-4 , pp. 99-125.
  • Roland Girtler: Rotwelsch - The old language of crooks, whores and vagabonds. 2nd edition, Vienna 2010.
  • Peter Honnen : Secret languages ​​in the Rhineland. A documentation of the Rotwelsch dialects in Bell , Breyell , Kofferen , Neroth , Speicher and Stotzheim . In: Rhenish dialects . 2nd Edition. tape 10 . Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 2000, ISBN 3-7927-1728-X (with a CD).
  • Friedrich Kluge: Rotwelsch. Sources and vocabulary of rogue language and related secret languages. Trübner, Strasbourg n.d. (1901); Reprint de Gruyter, Berlin / New York, 1987, ISBN 3-11-010783-X .
  • Werner König: The Yenish of the Wasenmeister. To change the function of a special language . In: Rüdiger Harnisch, Ludwig M. Eichinger , Anthony Rowley (eds.): "... in the structure of languages". Studies on the system and sociology of dialects. Festschrift for Robert Hinderling on his 60th birthday. Stuttgart 1995 (= Journal for Dialectology and Linguistics, Supplement 90; ISBN 3-515-06638-1 ), pp. 115–129.
  • Hans-Günther Lerch: "Tschü lowi ...". The manic in pouring. The secret language of a social fringe group, its history and its sociological background . Anabas-Verlag, Giessen 1976.
  • Rosemarie Lühr, Klaus Matzel: To the further life of the Rotwelschen In: Journal for Dialectology and Linguistics 57.1 (1990), pp. 42-53 (to Regenstauf north of Regensburg).
  • Yaron Matras : The Romani element in German secret languages: Jenisch and Rotwelsch . In: ders. (Ed.): The Romani element in non-standard speech (=  Sondersprachenforschung , 3). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1998, ISBN 3-447-04071-8 , pp. 193-230.
  • Edith Nierhaus-Knaus: Secret language in Franconia. The Schillingsfürster Jenisch . Peter, Rothenburg ob der Tauber 1973, 4th edition 1990, ISBN 3-87625-007-2 (critical of this Siegmund A. Wolf, in: Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik. 44,2 (1977), pp. 177-179 ).
  • Hansjörg Roth: Yenish dictionary. From the Yenish vocabulary in Switzerland . Huber, Frauenfeld 2001, ISBN 3-7193-1255-0 .
  • Hansjörg Roth: The Jenisch glossary from the 'Great crooks trial' 1824–1826 (Lucerne / Zurich). In: Ch. Efing, C. Leschber (eds.): Secret languages ​​in Central and Southeastern Europe . Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2009, ISBN 978-3-631-59943-3 , pp. 59-88.
  • Robert Schläpfer: Jenisch. On the special language of the traveling people in German-speaking Switzerland. In: Swiss Archives for Folklore 67 (1981), pp. 13–38.
  • Heidi Schleich: The Yenish in Tyrol. Language and history of the Karrner, Laninger, Dörcher (=  At the heart of Europe , 4). EYE Literaturverlag, Landeck 2001, ISBN 3-901735-09-7 .
  • Georg Schuppener: Bibliography for special language research (=  special language research , 6). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2002, ISBN 3-447-04510-8 .
  • Wolfgang Seidenspinner: Yeniche. On the archeology of a suppressed culture . In: Contributions to Folklore in Baden-Württemberg 8 (1993), pp. 63–95.
  • Klaus Siewert (Ed.): Rotwelsch dialects. Symposium Münster, March 10 to 12, 1995 (=  special language research , 1). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1996, ISBN 3-447-03788-1 .
  • Klaus Siewert: The Pfedelbacher Jenisch. With a glossary from the written sources. In: Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 64 (1997), pp. 37–56
  • Klaus Siewert: Basics and methods of special language research: with a dictionary of the Masematte from speaker surveys and the written sources (=  special language research , 8). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2003, ISBN 3-447-04770-4 .
  • Werner Rudolf Stirnweiss: Language, customs and traditions of a Swabian agricultural town (= Höchstädt ad Danube) in the central Danube region around the turn of the century . Diss. Munich 1975
  • Thorsten Weiland: The Hundeshagener Kochum. A Rotwelsch dialect used by hiking musicians from Eichsfeld. Sources - Dictionary - Analysis . Schöningh, Paderborn 2003, ISBN 3-506-79706-9 .
  • Wolfram Windolph: Nerother Jenisch. Written sources and glossary (=  special language research , 2). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1998.
  • Siegmund A. Wolf: Dictionary des Rotwelschen: German crooks language. Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim 1956; 2. through Ed., Buske, Hamburg 1985, ISBN 3-87118-736-4 .
  • Walter Lerch: The Chochemerloschn, ie the Yenish language - a language for the initiated only In: Bündner Monatsblatt , Heft 1, 2011, pp. 84–89.

Web links

Wiktionary: Jenisch  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Remarks

  1. ↑ There is a statement relating to Switzerland, the data of which goes back to the 1970s and 1980s: “The vast majority (around 90%) of Swiss Yeniche live in sedentary circumstances.” (Hansjörg Roth, Yenish dictionary. From the Jenischer vocabulary in der Schweiz, Frauenfeld 2001, p. 23 f.) In the meantime a generation period has passed. The sedentariness, which has only progressed further since then, is unlikely to have strengthened language skills in the minority, but rather weakened it.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Siegmund A. Wolf: Dictionary des Rotwelschen: German crooks language. 2nd Edition. Bibliographisches Institut, Hamburg 1985, pp. 144 f .; Yaron Matras: The Romani element in German secret languages: Jenisch and Rotwelsch. In: ders. (Ed.): The Romani element in non-standard speech. Wiesbaden 1998, pp. 193-230, here: p. 196.
  2. ↑ Willi Wottreng: Yeniche enjoy life - a little word story. In: Scharotl, magazine of the Radgenossenschaft der Landstrasse, February 2019, pp. 20-22, see also "Where does the word 'Jenisch' come from", homepage of the Radgenossenschaft der Landstrasse, section "Culture", https: //www.radgenossenschaft. ch / travel diary / culture /
  3. ^ Kochemer Loschen - Jenischer Bund in Luxemburg: Jenische Kultur. In: Kochemer Loschen - Jenischer Bund in Luxemburg. Retrieved December 27, 2018 .
  4. ↑ Post by Bochtella from February 2, 2016 ,: vagrants - General Forum. Retrieved December 27, 2018 .
  5. ↑ See e.g. B. the numerous publications by Klaus Siewert and his Münster school of "special language research".
  6. ^ Friedrich Kluge: Rotwelsch. Sources and vocabulary of rogue language and related secret languages. Strasbourg 1901 (ND 1987), p. 175 f.
  7. ↑ a b Detailed description of all those robbers, thieves, ..., Dillingen 1716 ("Dillinger List"). Kluge, ibid, p. 181 f., Wrongly dated to 1721.
  8. ^ Friedrich Kluge: Rotwelsch. Sources and vocabulary of rogue language and related secret languages. Strasbourg 1901 (ND 1987), p. 252 f.
  9. ↑ Published anonymously (Johann Ulrich Schöll): Outline of the Jauner- und Bettelwesens in Schwaben according to files and other secure sources from the author of the Constance Hans , Erhard and Löflung, 1793, chap. XV, pp. 285–299 (“Language of the Jauner”), here p. 285
  10. ↑ Ibid., Introduction pp. XVI – XVII
  11. ↑ Jenisch
  12. ↑ The more recent literature now opens up new perspectives. Only a few titles should be mentioned here:
    Leo Lucassen: A Blind Spot: Migratory and Traveling Groups in Western European Historiography, in: International Review of Social History 38 (1993), pp. 209-223;
    ders., Wim Willems, Annemarie Cottaar: Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups. A Socio-Historical Approach, London a. a. 1998;
    Wolfgang Seidenspinner: Abandoned rabble. Poverty and straying lower classes in the 18th century, in: Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins, 133 (1985), pp. 381–386;
    ders .: Yeniche. On the archeology of a repressed culture, in: Contributions to folklore in Baden-Württemberg, 8 (1993), pp. 63–95.
  13. ↑ On the local and regional branch in the 18th and 19th centuries for West and Central Germany, for example:
    Hans-Günther Lerch: "Tschü lowi ...". The manic in pouring. The secret language of a social fringe group, its history and its sociological background, Gießen 1976;
    Fritz Neuschäfer: The history of the “Yenish” and “Manic” in Giessen, in: Manfred H. Klös (arr.): A piece of Giessen history, Giessen o. J. (1988), pp. 51–55;
    Ulrich Friedrich Opfermann : "Mäckeser". On the history of travelers in Oberbergisches in the 18th and 19th centuries, in: Contributions to the Oberbergische Geschichte, vol. 5, Gummersbach 1995, pp. 116–128;
    ders .: Der “Mäckes” - On the history and change in meaning of a vilification word, in: Nassauische Annalen, Vol. 109, 1998, pp. 363–386;
    Thorsten Weiland: The Hundeshagener Kochum. A Rotwelsch dialect used by hiking musicians from Eichsfeld. Sources - dictionary - analysis, Paderborn u. a. 2003;
    Wolfram Windolph: Nerother Jenisch (special language research, Vol. 2), Wiesbaden 1998. Southwest Germany: Johann Weber: Der Matzenberg. Social historical study of the development of the village Carlsberg in the 18th century. Contribution to the history of the Leininger country, Landau 1913;
    Christoph Götz: The Yeniche - a discriminated German minority in the past and in the present based on the situation in the Singen area, Waldshut 1997, diploma thesis;
    Klaus-Michael Peter: “We have been living in Singen for a long time”. The cultural heritage of the Yeniche and a new departure, in: Singen-Jahrbuch, 2004, pp. 80–91. Switzerland:
    Thomas Dominik Meier, Rolf Wolfensberger: “One home and yet none”. Homeless and non-resident in Switzerland (16th – 19th centuries), Zurich 1998.
  14. ↑ European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages at admin.ch
  15. ↑ BAK chronology, see there 1997 ( Memento from December 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  16. ^ Stéphanie Andrey: European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Fourth Report of Switzerland. Federal Office for Culture of the Swiss Confederation, December 4, 2009, archived from the original on July 14, 2014 ; accessed on November 11, 2017 .
  17. ↑ Are these YENISH people a kind of GYPSY PEOPLE, read ROMA !? ( Memento from April 9, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  18. ↑ The Yenish language. Retrieved September 22, 2019 .
  19. ↑ Hans-Günther Lerch, "Tschü lowi ...". The manic in pouring. The secret language of a social fringe group, its history and its sociological background, Gießen 1976.
  20. ↑ A collection of wonderful and strange dialect words from all federal states . In: Vice . January 8, 2016 ( online [accessed November 24, 2017]).
  21. ^ The unknown world language , Wiener Zeitung , September 10, 2004. Retrieved on August 23, 2010
  22. ↑ Jenisch-Rap ( Memento from November 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  23. ^ Jenisch-Lied ( Memento from January 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  24. ↑ Opening Nobel Gush Pfedelbach. In: Heilbronn voice. March 26, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2019 .
  25. ↑ Name announced for the new community hall. In: Heilbronn voice. Retrieved April 13, 2016 .
  26. ↑ Scharotl, December 2016, on www.radgenossenschaft.ch, under the heading “Go back”, accessed on February 2, 2017.
  27. ↑ Lützenhardt and Engelbert Wittich , on luetzenhardt.de, accessed on March 25, 2020
  28. ↑ Angelika Kopečný: Travelers and Vagabonds. Your story, survival skills, signs and roads. Berlin [West] 1980, p. 173 f.