Lule Sami language

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Lule
(Julevsámegiella)

Spoken in

Sweden , Norway
speaker about 600 in Norway, about 500 in Sweden
Linguistic
classification
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

sme

ISO 639 -2

smj

ISO 639-3

smj

The spread of the Sami languages ​​with Lule Sami as number 4

The Lule Sami language (julevsámegiella) is an Ural , West Sami language that is mainly spoken in the Lule Lappmark - the Swedish municipalities of Jokkmokk and Gällivare - and in the northern part of the province of Nordland in Norway , especially in the municipalities of Hamarøy and Sørfold . In Norway, along with North Sami and South Sami, it is one of three officially recognized Sami languages. Lule Sami, like most Sami languages, uses the Latin alphabet with the addition of diacritical marks and special letters .

status

With between 650 and 1100 active speakers , Lule Sami is the most widely used Sami language after North Sami. In UNESCO's list of endangered languages , Lule Sami is classified as seriously endangered. However, in recent years there has been an increasing interest in the language, which is noticeable, among other things, in the increasing number of students who choose Lule Sami as their first or second language at school. In Drag in the Norwegian municipality of Hamarøy is the Árran Lule Sami Center , whose aim is to preserve the Lule Sami language, culture and tradition. The center operates a museum, a language center, a center for Sami handicrafts, distance learning in Lule Sami and a kindergarten, among other things.

Phonology

Consonants

labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive /
Affricate 		unvoiced p t t͡s t͡ʃ k
voiced b d d͡z d͡ʒ ɟ ɡ
Fricative unvoiced f s ʃ H
voiced v
Half vowel j
Lateral l ʎ
Vibrant r
  • Plosives that precede a nasal with the same place of articulation are pronounced without the stop being released (orally).
  • / v / is pronounced as a labiodental fricative [v] at the beginning of a syllable (before a vowel) and as a bilabial [w] at the end of the syllable (in aconsonant cluster).

Vowels

There are the following vowels in Lule Sami:

Short vowels Long vowels Diphthongs
front back front back front back
closed i u iː uː ie̯ uo̯
half open e O eː O ea̯ oɑ̯
open a aː
  • / ea̯ / can be spoken as a real diphthong or as a long monophthong [ɛː] .
  • Long / eː / and the diphthongs / ea̯ / and / oɑ̯ / occur only in stressed syllables.
  • Long / iː / and / uː / and short / e / are very rare. They also only occur in stressed syllables.
  • Short / o / and long / oː / appear in unstressed syllables, but only if the previous stressed syllable contains / o / .

Consonate length and level change

Consonants and consonant clusters that appear after a stressed syllable can have different lengths or quantities. These are usually referred to as quantity 1, 2 and 3 or Q1, Q2 and Q3. The consonants of a word are subject to a so-called level change , in which the length of the consonant depends on the respective grammatical form. Usually one of these forms is the strong level while the others are weak levels . The consonants of the weak degrees are usually Q1 or Q2, while the consonants of the strong hours are usually Q2 or Q3.

  • Quantity 1 includes all simple consonants.
  • Quantity 2 includes all combinations of two consonants with a short consonant at the end of the preceding syllable.
  • Quantity 3 includes all combinations of two consonants with a long consonant at the end of the preceding syllable.

In this and related articles, consonants that are part of different syllables are represented with two consonants in the IPA, while the extension of consonants in Q3 are marked with an IPA length character ( ː ).

Not all consonants occur in all quantity levels. There are the following restrictions:

  • Simple / h / only exists in Q1 and does not change.
  • Simple / j / also only exists in Q1, but alternates with / ɟ / .
  • Plosives and affricates only occur in Q3, with the exception of / ɟ / which can also occur in Q2.
  • / ʎ / occurs in Q2 and Q3, but not in Q1.

In the case of consonants that occur in all three quantities, Q3 is called excessively long .

Phonological processes

Umlauts

Umlauts is a process in which a diphthong in a stressed syllable changes through the vowel in the following syllable.

The first form of umlaut leads to a change between / ea̯ / and / ie̯ / for words whose stems end in unstressed / ie̯ / . In this case, the two diphthongs can be viewed as variants of each other. For words whose stems end in another vowel, these vowels remain unique. The following table shows the different patterns that occur with the following various vowels:

second vowel aː uo̯ ie̯ a u i
Stem ends in / ie̯ / ea̯ ie̯ ea̯ ie̯
Stem ends in another vowel ea̯ - ea̯
Stem ends in another vowel ie̯ - ie̯

The second type of umlauts, the "diphthong simplification" or "monophthongization", is similar to Northern Sami, but works differently. The diphthongs / ea̯ / and / oɑ̯ / become / eː / and / oː / , respectively , if:

  • The vowel of the next syllable is short, and
  • the following consonant has Q1 or Q2.

The diphthongs / ie̯ / and / uo̯ / are not affected. There may also be a reverse process that converts long vowels to diphthongs when the following consonant becomes Q3 or the vowel of the following syllable becomes long.

The third type of umlaut, the progressive umlaut, rounds the unstressed vowels / a / and / aː / to / o / or / oː / , if the preceding stressed vowel is a short / o / .

Extension of unstressed vowels

If a stressed syllable contains a short vowel followed by a simple (Q1) consonant, a short vowel is lengthened in the following syllable.

  • dahkat - "to do" ~ dagá (1st person singular presence)
  • bådnjåt - "turn" ~ bånjå̄ (1st person singular presence)

Dialects

Sammallahti divides Lule Sami into the following dialects:

Typical of the northern dialects is the rounding of long / aː / to / oː / to / o / in the first syllable of a word. The southern dialects are characterized by the umlauts of short / a / to / e / before / i / .

orthography

Lule Sami uses an expanded form of the Latin alphabet.

Letter name Phoneme (s) Remarks
A a / a /
Á á / aː /
B b / p / , / b /
D d / t / , / d /
E e / eː / , / ie̯ / / ie̯ / if unstressed.
F f / f /
G g / k / , / ɡ /
H h /H/
I i / i /
J j / y /
K k / k / , / kʰ / Aspirated when at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
L l / l /
M m / m /
N n / n /
Ŋ ŋ / ŋ /
O o / uo̯ / Just unstressed.
P p / p / , / pʰ / Aspirated when at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
R r / r /
S s / s /
T t / t / , / tʰ / Aspirated when at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
U u / u /
V v / v /
Å å / o / , / oː /
Ä Ä / ea̯ /

Originally the letter n- acute (Ń / ń) was used to represent the sound [ŋ] . Instead of the n-acute (present in Unicode and mechanical typewriters, but not in Latin-1 or traditional Nordic keyboards ), ñ or ng was often used. In modern texts, such as official documents of the Swedish government or the new translation of the New Testament, the sound is represented with ŋ , as in many other Sami languages .

grammar

cases

Lule Sami has seven cases :

Nominative

The nominative singular is like unmarked in the other Uralic languages and is subject of a sentence. The nominative plural is also unmarked and its form always resembles the genitive singular.

Genitive

The genitive singular is unmarked and is similar to the nominative plural. The genitive plural is marked by a -j ending. The genitive is used around

accusative

The accusative is the case of the direct object and is marked by -v in the singular and the plural marking -j and the ending -t .

Inessive

The inessive is marked by the ending -n in the singular and plural (here following the plural marking -j ). It is used to indicate

  • where an object is located
  • who owns an object

Illative

The illative is marked by the ending -j in the singular and by the plural marking -i and the ending -da in the plural. It is used to indicate

  • where something is moving
  • who receives something
  • what the indirect object is.

Elative

The elative is marked by the ending -s in the singular and plural (here following the plural marking -j ). It is used to indicate the origin of an object.

Comitative

The comitive is marked by the ending -jn in the singular and -j in the plural, which means that it is the same as the genitive plural. The comitive is used to show with whom or what something is being done.

pronoun

The personal pronouns come in three forms, singular, plural and dual . The following table contains the personal pronouns in the noun and genitive / accusative:

  German Nominative German Genitive
First person (singular) I mån my muv
Second person (singular) You Dan your duv
Third person (singular) he she it sån be her suv
First person (dual) we two) måj our munnu
Second person (dual) you two) dåj your dunnu
Third person (dual) You two) såj her sunnu
First person (plural) we mij our mijá
Second person (plural) her dij your dijá
Third person (plural) she sij her sijá

The following table shows the declension of the personal pronoun er / she / es (without distinction according to gender) in the different cases:

  Singular dual Plural
Nominative sån såj sij
Genitive suv sunnu sijá
Accusative suv sunnuv sijáv
Inessive sujna sunnun siján
Illative sunji sunnuj sidjij
Elative sujsta sunnus sijás
Comitative sujna sunnujn sijájn

Verbs

person

Lule Sami verbs are conjugated into three grammatical persons (first, second and third person).

mode

There are five grammatical modes :

Numbers

Lule Sami verbs are conjugated in three numbers :

time

Lule Sami verbs have four tenses :

Negative verbs

Lule Sami, like the other Sami languages, Finnish and some Estonian dialects, has negative verbs. The negative verbs are conjugated according to tense, mode, person and number.

Present
indicative 		Past
indicative 		imperative Optional
1st person singular iv ittjiv - -
2nd person singular i ittji ale allu
3rd person singular ij ittjij allis allus
1st person dual en ejma allon allun
2nd person dual uhppe ejda all alluda
3rd person dual äbá ejga alliska alluska
1st person plural ep ejma allop allup
2nd person plural ehpit ejda allit allut
3rd person plural e ettjin allisa allusa

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Fakta om samisk , regjeringen.no, accessed on July 19, 2020 (Norwegian)
  2. ↑ Lulesamiska , samer.se, accessed on 19 July 2020 (Swedish)
  3. ↑ Svenn-Egil Knutsen Duolljá and Harald Gaski: Lulesamisk. In: Store norske leksikon. December 16, 2015, accessed August 5, 2020 .
  4. ↑ Stadig flere velger lulesamisk på skolen - men færre velger nordsamisk , NRK, accessed on 19 July 2020 (Norwegian)
  5. ↑ Om Arran , Arran.no, accessed July 19, 2020
  6. ↑ Pekka Sammallahti: The Saami Languages: An Introduction . Davvi Girji, Kárášjohka 1998.

literature

  • Grundström, Harald: Lulelappisches dictionary
  • Kintel, Anders 1991: Syntaks og ordavledninger i lulesamisk . Kautokeino: Samisk utdanningsråd.
  • Spiik, Nils-Erik 1989: Lulesamisk grammar . Jokkmokk: Sameskolstyrelsen. ISBN 91-7716-019-3
  • Wiklund, KB 1890: Lule-Lapp dictionary . Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilaisen seuran toimituksia; 1

Web links

Test Wikipedia on Lule Sami language