Turkish-Egyptian Sudan
Turkish-Egyptian Sudan or Turkiyya refers to the Sudan under Egyptian rule, which lasted from 1821 to 1885. Under the Egyptian Wali Muhammad Ali Pascha , large parts of northern Sudan were initially conquered and Egypt annexed, Ismail Pascha extended the area under control to Central Africa. The Egyptian rule was replaced by the rule of the Mahdists (Mahdiyya).
Conquest of Sudan
After he had won the power struggle against the Mamlucken in Egypt in 1811/12 , Muhammad Ali Pasha initiated an expansionary phase in order to be able to recruit slaves for his army from the conquered areas. Although Egypt was formally under Ottoman rule in the early 19th century , the province had already achieved relative autonomy under the Mamlukes.
In 1820 the Sultan of Sannar asked for help against the Mamlukes who had fled Egypt to Sudan and regained power and influence there as slave traders. Ismael Kamil Pascha, the son of Muhammad Ali Pascha, marched in with 4,000 soldiers, initially drove out the Mamlukes and finally also subjugated the sultanate to Egyptian rule ( Sannar conquered on June 13, 1821). The Egyptian armed forces subsequently advanced south and captured Kurdufan . The newly established Khartoum became the capital of the Sudanese provinces. Military bases were built along the White and Blue Nile.
Egyptian rule and fight against slavery
Under Abbas I (1848-1854) the expansive policy of the Egyptians was interrupted. Out of mistrust, he installed five governors in Sudan during his brief reign. In 1871 the Central African Lakes were finally reached (establishment of the province of Equatoria ) and in 1874 the Sultanate of Darfur was conquered. After the de facto national bankruptcy of Egypt in 1875, an international financial regulator was set up under British leadership. Under the influence of the great European powers, the Egyptian government sent more European officials to Sudan from the 1870s. They should organize the administration in the occupied territories and put an end to the slave trade. As a result, Eduard Schnitzer and Rudolf Slatin came to Sudan at this time . In 1877 Charles George Gordon ( Gordon Pasha ) became Governor General . On August 4, 1877, an agreement was concluded between Egypt and the United Kingdom that should gradually stop the slave trade. In June 1878 a slave trader revolt broke out. The uprising was initiated by the powerful slave trader Zobeir , whose son Suleiman led it. Gordon and the Italian governor of Bahr-el-Gazal Gessi were able to put down the uprising, Suleiman was executed in July 1880. However, slavery in Sudan could not be completely overcome even later.
Mahdi uprising
In 1881 the Mahdi uprising was triggered by Muhammad Ahmad . The turmoil in Egypt in the course of the occupation of the country by Great Britain favored the spread of his idea. After the suppression of the Urabi movement , more and more followers streamed to him and he was able to take the provincial capital El Obeid on January 19, 1883 after a four-month siege . In the spring of 1883 all available Egyptian troops were dispatched to retake the city. The entire army was wiped out on November 5th in the Battle of Sheikan . From March 1884 on, the Mahdists besieged Khartoum. With the conquest of the city on January 26, 1885, the Egyptian rule ended. After the Mahdi uprising was put down by an Anglo-Egyptian army, Sudan was not returned to Egypt, but instead constituted as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium . Since Egypt was also under British control, Sudan was de facto a British colony.
administration
The Egyptian-ruled part of Sudan was divided into several provinces. With the initial exception of the provinces Sennar and Kordofan, which remained under military administration for the first few years, these provinces were each administered by a mudīr ( governor ) (until 1833 by a mamur ) and were initially directly subordinate to the Egyptian government until 1835, the office of hikimdar (literally Commissioner , but usually translated as Governor General ) was created who took over the central civil and military management. This office lasted until 1885. Only in the years 1857 to 1862 and 1871 to 1875 did they return to decentralized administration. The seat of the hikimdariyya was Khartoum . Major provinces (e.g. Equatoria or Harar) and grouped provinces (e.g. Darfur or East Sudan) were led by a mudīr umum ( governor general ).
List of holders of the hikimdariyya
| Surname | Term of office | origin |
|---|---|---|
| Ali Kurschid Pasha | 1835-1838 | Nephew of Muhammad Ali Pasha |
| Ahmad Pasha abu Widan | 1838-1843 | Originally a Circassian Mameluk and through marriage to Muhammad Ali Pascha's daughter Zeyneb (1799–1821) his son-in-law |
| Ahmad Pasha Manlikli | 1844-1845 | Rumelian Turk |
| Khalid Hüsrev Pasha | 1845-1849 | Turk born in Constantinople |
| Abd al-Latif Pasha Abd Allah | 1849-1852 | Rumelian Turk born in Nusretli (at Drama ) |
| Rustum Pasha Jarkas | 1852 | Circassian |
| Ismail Hakki Pasha abu Jabal | 1852-1853 | Kurd born in Anatolia |
| Salim Pasha Saib al-Jazairli | 1853-1854 | |
| Ali Pasha Sirri al-Arnaut | 1854 | originally Albanian Mameluk |
| Ali Jarkas Pasha (1st term) | 1854-1855 | probably Circassians |
| Muhammad Pasha Abd al Halim | 1855-1856 | Son of Muhammad Ali Pascha and younger brother of Muhammad Said Pascha , the ruler of Egypt 1854–1863 |
| Ali Dscharkas Pasha (2nd term, executive) | 1856-1857 | see above |
| Musa Pasha Hamdi | 1862-1865 | originally Circassian Mameluk from Ahmad Pascha abu Widan |
| Jafar Pasha Sadik | 1865-1866 | Circassian |
| Jafar Pasha Mazhar | 1866-1871 | |
| Ismail Pasha Aiyub | 1875-1877 | Kurdish or Circassian |
| Charles Gordon Pasha (1st term) | 1877-1879 | British officer |
| Muhammad Rauf Pasha | 1880-1882 | |
| Carl Christian Giegler Pascha (executive) | 1882 | German telegraph technician from the Kingdom of Bavaria |
| Abd al Qadir Pasha Hilmi | 1882-1883 | Born as the son of Uthman Sami in Homs , Syria |
| Ali al-Din Pasha Siddik | 1883 | Circassian |
| Hussein Pasha Wasif Sirri | 1883-1884 | |
| Charles Gordon Pasha (2nd term) | 1884-1885 | was killed by the Mahdists when they stormed Khartoum |
See also
literature
- Richard Buchta : The Sudan under Egyptian rule . Brockhaus, Leipzig 1888.
- Henry Dehérain: Le Soudan Égyptian sous Mehemet Ali . Paris 1898.
- Georges Douin: Histoire du Soudan Egypt . Cairo 1944.
- Richard Gray: A History of the Southern Sudan, 1839-1889 . Oxford 1961.
- Richard Hill : Egypt in the Sudan, 1820-1881 . Oxford 1959.