Tarḫunna

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Ḫattušili and Puduḫepa sacrifice to the weather god and the Ḫebat, rock relief from Fıraktın .

Tarḫunna or Tarḫuna / i was the Hittite weather god . He was also called the weather god of the sky or lord of the land Ḫatti . More Anatolian name for him were Taru ( Hattic ) Tarḫu (wa) nt (a) - ( Luwian ), DEUS TONITRUS (transcription of the hieroglyphic Luwian characters ) Zaparwa ( Palaic ) Trqqas / Trqqiz ( Lycian ) and Trquδe (dat .) ( Carish )

Its counterparts in the Mesopotamian - Syrian area were Iškur ( Sumerian ), Adad / Hadad ( Akkadian , Syrian ) and Teššup ( Hurrian ).

function

Tarḫunna, as the weather god, is responsible for various phenomena of the weather, such as thunder, lightning, thunderstorms, rain, clouds and storms. He also rules over the sky and the mountains. Since it is Tarḫunna who, with his rain, decides fertile fields or drought, good harvests or famine, the Hittites placed him at the head of their pantheon.

The weather god Tarḫunna gives the Hittite great king his office in the sense of an “administrator” of the land of Ḫatti in the name of the gods. In addition to the kingship , he also watches over the other institutions of the state, but also over the inviolability of borders and routes.

family

Tarḫunna is the husband of the sun goddess of Arinna . His children are the gods Telipinu and Kammamma , the goddesses Mezulla and Inara , the weather god of Zippalanda and the weather god of Nerik .

By equating it with the Hurrian Teššup, Tarḫunna is also the partner of the Ḫepat syncretized with the sun goddess of Arinna and father of the god Šarruma and the goddesses Allanzu and Kunzišalli . His siblings are Šuwaliyat (in equation with the Hurrian Tašmišu ) and the river goddess Aranzaḫ .

presentation

The weather god Tarḫunna was the main god of the Hittites and leads the series of male deities in the rock sanctuary of Yazılıkaya . He is depicted there as a bearded man with a pointed cap and scepter , who stands on the bowed mountain gods Namni and Ḫazzi . He holds a three- stranded lightning bolt in his hand. On the Hittite rock relief of İvriz “Tarhunza of the vineyard” is depicted with a double crown of horns , beaked shoes, ears of corn and grapes. Later depictions show him with a battle ax in the shape of an adze . A libation for the weather god is depicted on a silver fist vessel (14th century BC).

Later worship

During the Iron Age , Tarḫunna was worshiped by the Luwian Neo-Hittites under the name Tarhunza . The Lycians knew him under the name Trqqas / Trqqiz. For the Karians it is documented in the sacrificial formula trquδe ("the Tarḫunt"). Even in Roman times, personal names such as Trocondas were found in southern Anatolia, which goes back to Tarḫunt.

literature

  • Gerhard J. Bellinger : Knaurs Lexikon der Mythologie. 3100 keywords on the myths of all peoples from the beginning to the present. Droemer Knaur, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-426-26376-9 .
  • Volkert Haas : The Hittite literature. Texts, style, motifs. de Gruyter, Berlin a. a. 2006, ISBN 3-11-018877-5 .
  • Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch : Hittites and Iran (= religions of the ancient Orient. 1, 1). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-525-51695-9 .
  • John David Hawkins : What does the Hittite Storm-God hold? In: Diederik JW Meijer (Ed.): Natural Phenomena. Their Meaning, Depiction and Description in the Ancient Near East (= Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Letterkunde. Verhandelingen. NR Volume 152). North-Holland, Amsterdam et al. 1992, ISBN 0-444-85759-1 , pp. 53-82.
  • Maciej Popko : Peoples and Languages ​​of Old Anatolia. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-447-05708-0 .
  • Einar von Schuler : Asia Minor: The Mythology of the Hittites and Hurrites - The main weather god. In: Hans Wilhelm Haussig (Hrsg.): Götter und Mythen im Vorderen Orient (= dictionary of mythology . Department 1: The ancient cultures. Volume 1). Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1965, pp. 208-212, here pp. 209-210.
  • Piotr Taracha : Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia (= Dresden contributions to Hethitology. Volume 27). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-447-05885-8 Reading sample in the Google book search.
  • Calvert Watkins: The Golden Bowl: Thoughts on the New Sappho and its Asianic Background. In: Classical Antiquity. Volume 26, number 2, 2007, pp. 305-324, doi : 10.1525 / ca.2007.26.2.305 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, p. 93 ( side view in the Google book search).
  2. ↑ a b c Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, p. 107 ( side view in the Google book search).
  3. ^ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, p. 58 ( side view in the Google book search).
  4. ^ A b Maciej Popko: Peoples and Languages ​​of Old Anatolia . Wiesbaden 2008, p. 107.
  5. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 230.
  6. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 228.
  7. ^ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, p. 46 f. ( Page view in Google Book Search).
  8. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 211 f.
  9. ^ A b Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, p. 46 ( side view in the Google book search).
  10. ^ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, p. 52 ( side view in the Google book search).
  11. ^ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, p. 91 ( side view in the Google book search).
  12. ^ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, p. 119.
  13. ^ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, p. 45 ( side view in the Google book search).
  14. ↑ Calvert Watkins: How to Kill a Dragon. Aspects of Indo-European Poetics. Oxford University Press, New York et al. 1995, ISBN 0-19-508595-7 , p. 430 ( side view in archive.org).
  15. ^ Calvert Watkins: The Golden Bowl: Thoughts on the New Sappho and its Asianic Background. In: Classical Antiquity. Volume 26, 2007, p. 321 f.
  16. ^ Tyler Jo Smith: Votive Reliefs from Balboura and Its Environs. In: Anatolian Studies 47, 1997, pp. 3–49, here p. 36; Philo H. Houwink TenCate: The Luwian Population Groups of Lycia and Cilicia Aspera during the Hellenistic Period (= Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui. Volume 10). Brill, Leiden 1961, ISSN  0169-7943 , pp. 125 ff. (Doctoral thesis 1961, University of Amsterdam).