Temple of Quirinus
The Temple of Quirinus (Latin: aedes Quirini or templum Quirini ) was built in Rome during the Republic at the beginning of the 3rd century BC. Built on the Quirinal .
history
Quirinus, from which the hill takes its name, has been in existence since the 3rd century BC. As the deified Romulus . He may have been worshiped there before in a grove or at an altar. During the Gaul storm at the beginning of the 4th century BC At this point the Vestal Virgins buried the sacred objects from the Temple of Vesta . The construction of the temple goes back to L. Papirius Cursor , the 310 or 309 BC. During a battle against the Samnites in the event of a victory, had vowed a temple. However, it was only inaugurated in 293 BC. By his son, the consul Lucius Papirius Cursor (according to the pre-Caesarian calendar of the Fasti Antiates on February 17th, the day of the Quirinalia ). Perhaps it even replaced an existing temple - in any case, it was considered one of the oldest in Rome. In 206 BC BC it was struck by lightning and restored a year later, according to a dedication made by the Praetor Lucius Aemilius. Gaius Memmius gave 56 BC. A new cult statue may be added to the temple. 49 BC The temple was damaged, if not almost destroyed, by a fire. It must have been repaired very soon because the Senate built it in 45 BC. A statue for Caesar as ϑeός ἄνίκτoς, "invincible god". In the year 16 BC The temple was completely rebuilt by Augustus and consecrated on June 29th. The temple is mentioned in literature until the 4th century. After the ban on pagan cults, he was probably in the 4th / 5th. Closed in the 17th century AD.
location
There are no visible remains of the temple, but based on the georadar investigations carried out in the gardens of the Quirinal in 2007 , Andrea Carandini located the temple exactly below the presidential palace. Filippo Coarelli , who evaluated the results of old and new (unpublished) excavations, came to the conclusion that the temple must have been under the Palazzo Barberini , in the area between Via Barberini and Via delle Quattro Fontane. In any case, one has to imagine the Quirinus temple on an elevation and surrounded by a sacred forest, apparently bordering the Servian Wall and near the Porta Quirinalis and the important traffic artery, the Alta Semita.
description
The Augustan building is mentioned in various sources, which makes a reconstruction possible. It was built on the model of Chersiphron's Artemis Temple in Ephesus (4th century BC). It had seventy-six Doric columns, two rows of fifteen on each side and a double row of eight on each end. The temple was on a high and wide platform on which on each of the long sides were two long Doric porticos with about thirty columns in two rows, which were reached via two steps, known as the idler porticus Quirini and shaded by trees. A shrine of the Argei was integrated into the facade of the Quirinus temple , the walls had already been adorned by the younger Cursor with weapons captured by the Samnites, and he attached the first sundial of Rome to the temple. Two myrtle bushes were planted in front of the temple: one stood for the patricians and one for the plebeians. Their condition allegedly indicated the strength or weakness of the two classes and often adversaries. In its vicinity there were smaller cultic buildings, especially the one dedicated to the goddess Hora Quirini, as well as the meeting place of the Salier priesthood .
The gable of the temple is known for its depiction on the fragments of the so-called Hartwig reliefs from the Flavian period (in the Museo delle Terme ). These show a procession of sacrifices in front of a temple (the gens Flavia ). The illustration shows the east side of the Quirinus temple with the figures involved in the founding of the city.
On the relief, Romulus-Quirinus is led to apotheosis by a Victoria (V) and a Mars (Ma) . The scene takes place in front of a temple, which is marked by three cell doors (T1-3). The door in the middle that Romulus (RQ) wants to pass through on a sign from Mercury (Me) is the highest and is flown over by three birds, a reference to the founding myth of Rome. Behind Mercury is Hercules (H), who is present due to his connections to Mars and the legends of Palatine and Ara Maxima . Left and right, two pairs are shown in the spandrels, probably Aeneas and Lavinia (Ae and L), possible personification of Lavinium, and Acca Larentia and Faustulus (AL and F). Each pair was likely accompanied by an animal, a wolf near Faustulus and a sow near Aeneas, evoking the legend of Romulus and Remus and that of the founding of Lavinium. This relief was part of an ideological program by Augustus to connect his family to the various legends related to the founding of Rome.
literature
- Samuel Ball Platner, Thomas Ashby,: A topographical dictionary of ancient Rome , London 1929.
- Alexandre Grandazzi: Urbs. Rome's way to the world metropolis , Darmstadt 2019, Paris 2017
- Andrea Carandini; Paolo Carafa (ed.): The atlas of ancient Rome. Biography and portraits of the city , Vol. 1. Princeton; Oxford 2012/2017
- Andrea Carandini: Cercando Quirino. Traversata sulle onde elettromanetiche nel suolo del Quirinale , Turin 2007
- Filippo Coarelli: Rome and Environs. To archaeological guide , Los Angeles; London 2007
- Filippo Coarelli: Collis. Il Quirinale e il Viminale nell 'antichità , Rome 2014.
- Giovanna Falasca: Il tempio di Quirino sul Quirinale , 2013
- Viktoria Färber: Architecture in Pictures Representation modes in Roman art from the late 1st century BC. Until the early 2nd century AD , Diss. Munich 2016; https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20272/7/Faerber_Viktoria.pdf
- Alexandre Grandazzi: Urbs. Rome's way to the world metropolis , Darmstadt 2019, Paris 2017
- Françoise-Hélène Massa-Pairault: Romulus et Remus: Réexamen du miroir de l'Antiquarium Communal, Mélanges de l'École française de Rome - Antiquité (MEFRA) 123.2, 2011, pp. 505-525
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Varro V 8; Festus 255; Ovid Fasti II 511
- ↑ Richardson, p. 326, Grandazzi, p. 303
- ↑ Plutarch Camillus 20
- ↑ Grandezza, p. 303
- ↑ Livy X 46.7
- ↑ Ball Platner, p. 439
- ↑ Grandazzi, p. 303
- ↑ Pliny naturalis historia XV 36.2
- ↑ Livy XXVIII 11.4
- ↑ Carandini, p. 453
- ^ Cassius Dio XLI March 14
- ↑ Cassius Dio XLIII 45.3
- ↑ Aug. res gestae 19
- ↑ Ovid Fasti VI 795-796; Cassius Dio LIV. 19.4
- ↑ Ball Platner, p. 439
- ↑ Falasca; Coarelli, Environs 233/234; Carandini, p 470, note 150
- ↑ Grandazzi, p. 303
- ↑ Vitruvius III.2.7; Martial XI. 1.9
- ^ Carandini, p. 454
- ↑ Martial XI 1.7
- ↑ Ovid, Metamorphoses XIV 834-835
- ↑ Grandazzi, p. 304; Varro V 8
- ↑ Livy X 46.7
- ↑ Pliny, VII 60.2
- ↑ Pliny XV 36.2
- ↑ Grandazzi, p. 304
- ^ Carandini, p. 454
- ↑ sd Färber, p. 115f .; Massa-Pairault, section 60