Teptjars

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The Teptjaren ( Tatar : Tiptärlär ; Russian : Тептяри ) there was a Russian military status of Muslim faith which over time to a Subethnie the Volga Tatars converted. Sometimes they are described as Tatar Volga Finns . Historically, the Teptjars were mainly based in the governorates of Ufa , Orenburg and Samara as fortified farmers . Part of today's Tatar population in Bashkortostan goes back to the Teptyars.

Rider of a Teptyan regiment 1819–1825

Some of the Teptjars were and are also attributed to the Bashkirs under whom they lived.

etymology

According to one hypothesis, the word Teptjär comes from the Tatar word for a person who pays no taxes. And thus refers to the origins of the Teptyars as refugees from the expanding Russian Empire .

According to another hypothesis, the word Teptjar comes from the Bashkir word: “Tibeu” or “Tibeleu”, which means something like: out-of-the-community-outcast.

Ethnic origin and history

According to older chronicles, the Teptyars emerged from ethnically heterogeneous Muslim refugees ( Mari , Chuvashes , Tatars and Udmurts ) from the Kazan Khanate , who fled east to the Urals before the Russian conquest . They settled among the not yet subjugated Bashkir tribes . With the annexation of the Bashkiria to the Russian Empire, the Teptyars also came under Russian rule. As a result, they proved to be loyal subjects of the Tsars and did not take part in the Bashkir uprisings . As a reward, after the uprising was suppressed, they were freed from the Bashkir land rent and became landlords of their lands themselves . The Teptyars, as a kind of middle class, paid less taxes ( yassak ) than the local Russian peasants, but more than the Bashkir nobles. As a military class , like the Bashkirs, they were obliged to serve the tsars with irregular cavalry.

Like many military classes that were socially privileged, the Teptjars are said to have had a strong sense of class. At the end of the 18th century, the ethnic composition of the Teptyars is said to have been made up of around 40% Tatars, around 38% Mari, around 18% Udmurts and 4% Bashkirs and Mordvins. Later, especially in the northern and central districts of Bashkiria, in a process of ethnogenesis, these groups would have adopted the name Teptjaren, which had been used until then, as an ethnonym.

Teptyan military formations

In 1790 was of Catherine II. With a ukase from Teptjaren and Bobylen five hundreds, a Cossack regiment in the city of Ufa placed. The state only paid for the armament. The troops themselves had to pay for their uniforms, horses and food. Only when deployed at a distance of 100 Werst from the place of residence did the state provide food and provisions.

In 1791 the regiment was renamed Ufa Cossacks and was subject to the authority of the Governor General of Ufa and Simbirsk . In 1798 the regiment was restructured and the 1st and 2nd Teptyan Regiment were formed from the Ufa Cossacks. The service time in the Teptyarian regiments was 15 years. Before Napoleon's Russian campaign in 1812 , the Teptian cavalry served as a border guard, especially on the Orenburg line. During the Napoleonic Wars of 1812–1814, the Teptyarian regiments wore the same uniform as the Orenburg Cossack army . The 1st Teptjarian Regiment took part in the Napoleonic War as an intermediate between irregular and regular cavalry . They were u. a. involved in the siege of Mainz and the capture of Paris. During the French advance, the regiment fought retreat with the French vanguard and attacked French colonists and isolated pillaging troops in individual villages. They often acted in association with Cossack formations.

Map of the countries of the Orenburg and Ural Cossack armies (blue) and the Bashkir armies (red) in 1858. In addition to Bashkirs, Mishars and Teptyars were added to the Bashkir armies.

Demographics

In the first all-Russian census of 1897, the Teptyars were listed as a separate ethnic group, which included 117,773 people, in Orenburg governorate it was 16,877, in Samara governorate 47,684 and in Ufa governorate 39,955 people.

Other data assume that the number of Teptjars in the Ufa governorate was 262,690 for the period shortly before the outbreak of World War I. At that time they were still listed separately from the (Kazan) Tatars. The Teptyars were the third largest ethnic or social group after ethnic Russians and Bashkirs, ahead of the Tatars with 179,389 people and the Mishars with 150,975 people. The last time the number of Teptjars as a separate ethnic group was recorded was in 1926 in the Bashkir ASSR . Their number was given as 23,290 people. In the 1920 census, as well as in all censuses made after 1926, they were not listed separately. In the 1939 census and the subsequent censuses, Teptyars and Mishars were counted among the Tatars. It can be assumed that with the dissolution of their social privileges and private land ownership, the process of dissolving their own group identity was accelerated.

Problem of classification and controversy

To this day the controversy over the classification of the Teptjars to the Bashkir or Tatar ethnicity persists.

Proponents of the Tatar thesis argue that although culturally it is hardly possible to draw a line between Teptyars and Bashkirs, that ethnic self-confidence and self-identification as Tatars is very high among the population of Tatar origin in Bashkortostan.

Apologists for the Bashkir thesis claim that in the 18th century there was still talk of "Teptyars from the Bashkir people". It was not until the 19th century that records of “Teptyars from the Mari”, “Teptyars from the Tatars”, “Teptyars from the Chuvashes” etc. appeared. The common mention with the Bashkirs in older writings and documents is also listed as an argument. To increase their own ethnic group, the administration of the Tatar ASSR (Kazan Tatars) would have added linguistically related ethnic groups such as the Mishars or Teptjars to an enlarged Tatar nation.

See also

literature

  • Noack, Christian .: Muslim nationalism in the Russian Empire: nation-building and national movement among Tatars and Bashkirs: 1861–1917. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-515-07690-5 .
  • RK Urazmanova, SV Cheshko, (Sergeĭ Viktorovich), Уразманова, Р. К., Чешко, С. В. (Сергей Викторович): Tatary . Moscow, ISBN 5-02-008724-6 .
  • Kappeler, Andreas .: Russia as a multi-ethnic empire: emergence - history - decay. New edition, updated edition. Beck, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-406-47573-6

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ FA Brockhaus (ed.): Brockhaus Konversationslexikon . 14th edition. tape 15 . FA Brockhaus, Leipzig, Berlin and Vienna, p. 706 .
  2. ^ Carl Wilhelm Müller: Description of all nations of the Russian Empire, their way of life, religion, customs, homes, clothing and other peculiarities . Ed .: Carl Wilhelm Müller. 1 - Nations of the Finnish Tribe. Müller, St. Petersburg 1776, p. 63 .
  3. ^ Carl Wilhelm Müller: Description of all nations of the Russian Empire, their way of life, religion, customs, homes, clothing and other peculiarities . Ed .: Carl Wilhelm Müller. 1 - Nations of the Finnish Tribe. Müller, St. Petersburg 1776, p. 63-64 .
  4. ↑ Kappeler, Andreas .: Russia as a multi-ethnic empire: emergence - history - decay . 2nd edition, for a supplementary edition Beck, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-57739-0 .
  5. ↑ Noack, Christian .: Muslim nationalism in the Russian Empire: nation building and national movement among Tatars and Bashkirs: 1861-1917 . Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-515-07690-5 .
  6. ↑ Башкирская энциклопедия - Башкирская энциклопедия. Retrieved June 5, 2020 .
  7. ↑ Sergei Evgenevich Kalinin: Тептярские казачьи полки в Отечественной войне 1812 г. и Заграничных походах 1813–1814 гг. In: museum.ru. Калинин С.Е., accessed February 16, 2020 (Russian).
  8. ↑ Sergei Evgenevich Kalinin: Тептярские казачьи полки в Отечественной войне 1812 г. и Заграничных походах 1813–1814 гг. In: museum.ru. Калинин С.Е., accessed February 16, 2020 (Russian).
  9. ↑ Dimitrieva, Marina., Karl, Lars .: The year 1813, East Central Europe and Leipzig: The Battle of Nations as a (trans) national place of memory . Cologne, ISBN 978-3-412-50467-0 .
  10. ↑ Sergei Evgenevich Kalinin: Тептярские казачьи полки в Отечественной войне 1812 г. и Заграничных походах 1813–1814 гг. Калинин С.Е., accessed February 2020 (Russian).
  11. ↑ 1897 census results
  12. ↑ 1897 census results in the Orenburg governorate
  13. ↑ 1897 census results in the Samara Governorate
  14. ↑ 1897 census results in the Ufa governorate
  15. ↑ Khisamitdinova, Firdaus Gilʹmitdinovna ,: Korennye narody Rossii: bashkiry . Ufa, ISBN 978-5-295-07034-1 .
  16. ↑ Демоскоп Weekly: Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам РСФСР. In: demoscope.ru. Демоскоп Weekly, accessed February 15, 2020 (Russian).
  17. ↑ Khisamitdinova, Firdaus Gilʹmitdinovna ,: Korennye narody Rossii: bashkiry . Ufa, ISBN 978-5-295-07034-1 .
  18. ↑ Gabdrakhmanova, GF (Gulʹnara Faatovna) ,, Trepavlov, VV (Vadim Vint︠s︡erovich) ,, Urazmanova, RK ,, Габдрахманова, Г. Ф. (Гульнара Фаатовна) ,, Трепавлов, В. В. (Вадим Винцерович) ,: Tatary . 2-e izdanie, dopolnennoe i pererabotannoe edition. Moskva, ISBN 978-5-02-039988-4 .
  19. ↑ Khisamitdinova, Firdaus Gilʹmitdinovna ,: Korennye narody Rossii: bashkiry . Ufa, ISBN 978-5-295-07034-1 .