Thaniyyat al-wadāʿ

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Thaniyyat al-wadāʿ ( Arabic ثنية الوداع Thaniyyat al- wadāʿ , DMG ṯanīyatu l-wadāʿi  'mountain pass / bottleneck of parting') is a mountain pass in the mountain landscape both in the south of Medina on the way to Mecca and north of it on the old caravan route to Syria .

The Islamic traditions

The historian ʿUmar ibn Šabba (* 789; † 877) describes this mountain pass in his city history of Medina and explains its name as follows:

“No one entered the city of Medina except from the direction of the Farewell Mountain Pass ( ṯanīyat al-wadāʿ ). If someone at the pass didn't shout ten times and loudly like a donkey, they would die before they left town. And when someone stood on the pass and stayed there, they said: 'He said goodbye'. Hence (the place) was called: mountain pass of farewell - until ʿUrwa ibn al-Ward al-Absī came. They said to him: 'shout ten times loudly like a donkey!' But he did not exclaim, but spoke the verse:

  • And they say: crawl and scream, and Chaibar will not harm you; but that is folly from the faith of the Jews.
  • In my life, if I wanted to scream like a donkey out of fear of death, I would be a coward.

Then he entered the city and said, 'You Jews! what do you have to do with the ten-time exclamation? ' The Jews replied: 'A stranger who enters the city without having called out ten times like a donkey dies. Everyone has to enter the city through the Passport of Farewell, if not then he dies of thinness'. When ʿUrwa still refrained from calling, others gave up and entered the city from all directions. (One other according to tradition) was called the place "mountain pass of farewell" (because of the following): the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, was from Khaybar with the Muslims, the women for whom temporary marriage had taken on the way back. When he reached Medina, he said to them: 'Leave the wives you (now) have in temporary marriage and send them away'. That is why the place was called: "Mountain pass of farewell". "

- Taʾrīḫ al-Madīna . Ed. Fahīm Muḥammad Šaltūt. Beirut 1979. Volume 1. pp. 269-270

A mountain pass under the same name is also mentioned in the biography of the prophet on the way from Medina to Mecca and is associated with various events from the life of Muhammad . The Egyptian scholar and professor at the Ṣāliḥīya Madrasa in Cairo Abū l-Faraǧ Nūr ad-Dīn al-Ḥalabī (* 1567; † 1635) mentions the Ṯaniyyat al-Wadāʿ in his biography of the prophets in three places: The Medinians are supposed to be Mohammed at this mountain pass upon arrival in Medina . The Banū Naǧǧār, their wives, the boys ( ṣibyān ) and the young girls ( walāʾid ) said ( yaqulna ) the following lines in honor of the Prophet; 'The poet spoke ( qāla š-šāʿiru )':

  • ṭalaʿa l-badru ʿalainā min ṯanīyati l-wadāʿi
  • The full moon has risen over us from the mountain pass of farewell
  • waǧaba š-šukru ʿalainā mā daʿā li-llāhi dāʿī
  • it is incumbent on us to give thanks that a caller called to God.

Muḥammad ibn Ḥibbān al-Bustī (* 884; † 965), "one of the most important traditionalists of his time", from Siǧistān also connects these lines with Muhammad's arrival in Medina and speaks of a lecture of the same (Arabic: yaqūlūna - they spoke . ..) by boys ( ṣibyān ) and young girls ( walāʾid ). He also mentions that the Abyssinians ( al-ḥabaša ) played with their lances for joy at this event. In a similar sense, the traditionarian ʿAbdarrazzāq aṣ-Ṣanʿānī (* 744; † 827) reports on this event ; however, he does not quote the above lines of verse in his tradition.

The philologist Ibn Manẓūr names al-Wadāʿ as a wadi in Mecca and thus connects the lecture of these two lines with the conquest of Mecca and the entry of Muhammad with his followers into the city. On this occasion the women are said to have clapped their hands and said these lines to show their joy .

The Andalusian scholar Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr († 1071) gives in his commentary on the Muwaṭṭaʾ by Mālik ibn Anas three explanations about the name of this place above Medina. From here, Mohammed is said to have said goodbye to city residents before their journey or accompanied his expedition troops to this pass. But even in ancient times ( qadīman ) travelers are said to have gone to this place and said goodbye to the city there. “I assume that the mountain pass is on the way to Mecca; here the Messenger of God appeared on his way to Medina when he came from Mecca. Then her poet said: (the two lines follow). "

The Damascus theologian and hadith scholar Ibn Qayyim al-Jschauziya († 1350) passed on these lines in his commented biography of the prophets with the following critical remark:

“Some narrators are mistaken in this connection and say: this (the greeting of Muhammad) took place when he came to Medina from Mecca. But that is a clear mistake, because the mountain pass of farewell lies in the direction of Syria, which the traveler from Mecca to Medina cannot see. He only passes the job when he goes to Syria. "

- Zād al-maʿād fī hady ḫair al-ʿibād (Vol. 3. Beirut 1979), p. 551.

The geographer Yāqūt al-Hamawī ar-Rūmī († 1229) describes Thaniyyat al-wadāʿ as a place above Medinas on the way to Mecca. The name is, according to him, of pre-Islamic origin. The pass was seen as a place to say goodbye to travelers.

Even Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani († 1449) brings the above two verses in his al-Bukhari -Comment with this mountain pass in context and classified the tradition with an incomplete Isnad as "enigmatic" or "problematic" ( mu'ḍil ). He also mentions that this greeting of Muhammad may have taken place on his return from the Tabuk campaign (September 630).

This place in the north of Medina was still known at the time of the Abbasids ; the followers of Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī, who in his revolt against the Abbasid dynasty propagated his rightful claim to the caliphate against al-Mansur , were crucified in two rows on this mountain pass in 760.

literature

  • Carl Brockelmann: History of Arabic Literature . Second edition adapted to the supplement volumes. Brill, Leiden 1949
  • MJ Kister: "Exert yourselves, o Banū Arfida" . Some notes on Entertainment in the Islamic tradition. In: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam (JSAI) 23 (1999), pp. 53-78
  • Theodor Nöldeke: The poems of ʿUrwa Ibn Alward . In: Treatises of the Royal Society of Sciences. Volume 11 (1862-1863). Goettingen 1864
  • Fuat Sezgin: History of Arabic Literature. Brill, Leiden 1967. Volume 1; Brill, Leiden 1975. Volume 2
  • The Encyclopaedia of Islam . New Edition. Brill, suffering

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Fuat Sezgin : History of Arabic literature. Brill, Leiden 1967. Volume 1, pp. 345-346; The Encyclopaedia of Islam . New Edition. Brill, suffering. Volume 10, p. 826
  2. ↑ He was a pre-Islamic poet, known for his chivalry and generosity among the poor. The Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun was one of his admirers . Fuat Sezgin: History of Arabic Literature. Brill, Leiden 1975. Volume 2. pp. 141-142
  3. ^ Translation of the verse: Theodor Nöldeke : Die Gedichte des ʿUrwa Ibn Alward . In: Treatises of the Royal Society of Sciences. Volume 11 (1862-1863). Göttingen 1864, p. 270 (Arabic text); P. 307 (translation).
  4. ^ Carl Brockelmann : History of the Arabic literature . Second edition adapted to the supplement volumes. Brill, Leiden 1949. Volume 2. p. 395; The Encyclopaedia of Islam . New Edition. Brill, suffering. Volume 3, p. 90
  5. ↑ as-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya . Vol. 2, p. 234; P. 443; Volume 3. p. 123. Beirut, n.d.
  6. ↑ MJ Kister: "Exert yourselves, O Banu Arfida" Some notes on Entertainment in the Islamic tradition. In: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam (JSAI), 23 (1999), pp. 53–78; here: p. 76 with further references; see also: Abū ʿUbaid al-Bakrī: Muʿgam mā ʾstaʿǧam , Vol. 4, pp. 1372–1373 sn wāw and dāl: the poet spoke ... without giving a reason
  7. ↑ Fuat Sezgin (1967), p. 189
  8. ↑ Kitāb ab-Ṯiqāt . Haidarabad 1973. Vol. 1, p. 131
  9. ↑ Fuat Sezgin (1967), p. 99
  10. ↑ For the tradition see: MJ Kister, loc. cit , p. 53
  11. ↑ Lisān al-ʿarab , sn wadāʿ: yuṣaffiqna wa-yaqulna
  12. ↑ at-Tamhīd li-mā fī l-Muwaṭṭaʾ min al-maʿānī wal-asānīd . Rabat 1984. Volume 14, p. 82
  13. ^ Muʿǧam al-buldān . Beirut 1955. sn ṯaniyyat al-wadāʿ.
  14. ^ W. Montgomery Watt: Muhammad at Medina . Oxford 1972. pp. 189-190
  15. ↑ Fatḥ al-bārī . Cairo, n.d. Volume 7, pp. 261-262; 8, pp. 128-129
  16. ↑ at-Tabari: Taʾrīḫ ar-rusul wal-mulūk. Cairo 1966. Volume 7. P. 600