Theodor Schönemann

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Theodor Schönemann (born April 4, 1812 in Driesen , Friedebergischer Kreis , † January 16, 1868 in Brandenburg an der Havel ) was a German mathematician.

life and work

Schönemann studied at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin , among other things mathematics with Jakob Steiner , with whom he was also later connected, at the Albertus-Universität Königsberg (where he heard Carl Gustav Jacobi ) and at the industrial institute Berlin . He received his doctorate in Berlin in 1842 and went to the grammar school in Brandenburg an der Havel as a teacher in 1842, where he became a senior teacher and professor.

He published on number theory (especially in Crelle's Journal ) and mechanics with applications in technology, for example for weighbridges and the use of lever mechanisms for measurements of shocks, moments of inertia and speeds of fast moving bodies. Most recently, in 1858, he published a work on the pressure in a liquid at the outlet to a capillary tube.

In number theory he found Scholz's law of reciprocity for square residues in real square number fields as early as 1839 (long before Scholz 1929), the Eisenstein criterion before Gotthold Eisenstein and the Hensel lemma long before Kurt Hensel . It was even early 20th century practice that Eisenstein's criterion for Schönemann and Eisenstein to name, but the presentation on seem later Bartel Leendert van der Waerden in the Modern Algebra enforced to have, calling it only after Eisenstein. Schönemann himself pointed out in Crelle's Journal in 1850 that he had priority over Eisenstein (and that his proof was not essentially different from that of Eisenstein). In his work from 1846 he tries, according to his own statements, to tie in with Gauss's unpublished research on the general theory of equations in congruence arithmetic, to which he refers in the Disquisitiones Arithmeticae .

He was also one of the pioneers of the theory of finite bodies (later called Galois bodies), published in 1846, independently of Evariste Galois and Carl Friedrich Gauß , with his investigations into the congruence of functions . At the instigation of Carl Gustav Jacobi, he also dealt with the Galois theory and filled some gaps in the presentation by Galois (1853). According to Karl-Heinz Schlote , however, he did not penetrate very deeply into the underlying algebraic structures, as Leopold Kronecker did around the same time .

Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet recommended it to the Ministry for further funding in 1853.

His son P. Schönemann was a senior high school teacher in Soest .

Fonts

  • Theory of the symmetrical functions of the roots of an equation. General theorems about congruences, together with some applications of them , Journal for pure and applied mathematics, Volume 19, 1839, pp. 231–243, 289–308 Part 1 , Part 2
  • The geometrical constructions of the plane and conical wheel and tooth curves , Berlin 1841
  • About the congruence x² + y² ≡ 1 (mod p) (theory of trigonometric functions in relation to congruences) , Journal for pure and applied mathematics 19, 1839, pp. 93-112, online
  • Fundamentals of a general theory of higher congruences, the module of which is a real prime number , J. pure applied math., Volume 31, 1846, pp. 269-325, online
    • first in 1844 as the basics of a general theory of higher congruences, the module of which is a real prime number , annual report on the United Old and New Town High School in Brandenburg aH, year 1842/44, online
  • Of those modules which are powers of prime numbers , Journal für die pure und angewandte Mathematik, Volume 32, 1846, pp. 93-105, online (continuation of the essay from Volume 31, p. 269, see above)
  • The horizontal dynamometer and its application to mechanics , Berlin: Müller 1864
  • Theory and description of a new bridge balance , memoranda of the Math.-Naturwiss. Class of the Imperial and Royal Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Volume 8, 1855
  • About the relationships that take place between the roots of irreductible equations, especially when the degree of the same is a prime number , memoranda kk Akademie der Wissenschaften, Math.-Naturwiss. Class, 1853
  • About the movement of variable flat figures, which remain similar in their plane during the movement , annual report on the United Old and New Town High School in Brandenburg aH, year 1861/62, online
  • A treatise on the displacement framework, annual report on the United Old and New Town High School in Brandenburg aH, year 1853/54, online

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Wiener Denkschriften 1853, 1855, Grunert's Archive 1855, Monthly Reports Berlin Academy 1857
  2. ^ Reports from the Berlin Academy
  3. ↑ Schönemann theory of symmetrical functions , Journal for pure and applied mathematics 19, 1839, 93–112
  4. ^ Franz Lemmermeyer Reciprocity Laws , Springer Verlag 2000, p. 160
  5. ↑ Both Hensel's criterion (see article by Cox) and Eisenstein's can be found in the Journal for Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume 32, 1846, pp. 289–309
  6. ^ And Heinrich Dörrie Triumph der Mathematik , 1933, names it only after Schönemann
  7. ↑ On the question of naming, in addition to Cox, Lemmermeyer Reciprocity Laws , p. 274f
  8. ↑ Eisenstein on the irreductibility and some other properties of the equation on which the division of the whole lemniscate depends , Journal für die gute und angewandte Mathematik, Volume 39, 1850, pp. 160-179, online
  9. ↑ About some of Dr. Eisenstein set up theorems, irreductible congruences concerning (p.182 vol. 39 of this journal) , Journal for pure and applied mathematics, volume 40, 1850, pp 185-188, online , especially note p. 188, online
  10. ^ J. for pure and applied math., Volume 31, 1846, p. 269
  11. ↑ H.-W. Alten, Wußing et al. 4000 years of algebra , Springer Verlag, 2003, p. 435 (Chapter 8.1.1 .: The reception of the Galois theory in Germany, by Karl-Heinz Schlote)
  12. ^ Karl-Heinz Schlote , Martina Schneider From Schweigger's first galvanometer to Cantor's set theory. On the interrelationships between mathematics and physics at the University of Halle-Wittenberg in the period from 1817 to 1890 , Harri Deutsch 2009, p. 47
  13. ↑ There he states that he had only submitted it to Jakob Steiner for publication, but he said he had come to the same results years ago, but had not published them
personal data
SURNAME Schönemann, Theodor
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Schoenemann, Theodor
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German mathematician
DATE OF BIRTH April 4, 1812
PLACE OF BIRTH Driesen , Friedeberg Circle
DATE OF DEATH January 16, 1868
Place of death Brandenburg on the Havel