Tibbers Castle

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Tibbers Castle
The mound of Tibbers Castle

The mound of Tibbers Castle

Creation time : 12th or 13th century
Castle type : Niederungsburg, moth
Conservation status: ruin
Standing position : Scottish nobility
Place: Carronbridge
Geographical location 55 ° 15 '54.1 "  N , 3 ° 47' 28.8"  W Coordinates: 55 ° 15 '54.1 "  N , 3 ° 47' 28.8"  W.
Height: 63  m ASLTemplate: height / unknown reference
Tibbers Castle (Scotland)
Tibbers Castle

Tibbers Castle is the ruin of a low castle of the type of a tower hill castle (motte) at a ford over the River Nith in the Scottish administrative unit Dumfries and Galloway . To the east of the castle is the village of Carronbridge and northwest of it is Drumlanrig Castle , a 16th century castle.

Tibbers Castle was built in the 12th or 13th century and is first mentioned in 1298. At that time the wooden castle had already been replaced by one made of stone. Tibbers Castle was the administrative center of the Baronate Tibbers until the second half of the 14th century , when the administration was moved to nearby Morton . During the Anglo-Scottish Wars in the early 14th century, the castle was captured first by the Scots under Robert the Bruce and then by the English , before returning under Scottish control in 1313.

The castle was inherited under the Earls of Moray and then under the Earls of March until it came under the control of the Scottish Crown. A "Toun" (German: settlement) was founded near the castle. It is not known when Tibbers Castle was abandoned, but the site was already being used for agricultural purposes by the 18th century. Archaeological investigations there were carried out in 1864, 1912 and 2013/2014.

history

Edward I of England visited Tibbers Castle in 1298.

The origins of Tibbers Castle are not documented, it is believed that it was built as a wooden castle in the 12th or 13th centuries. The castle was first mentioned in 1298 when Sir Richard Siward either built a stone enclosure or had one extended, which had already been added to the wooden castle. King Edward I of England visited the castle in the same year. Siward was the sheriff of Dumfries when the area was under English control, and documents from that period prove some activity at the castle. In 1302 £ 100 was invested in the building which housed a 23-man garrison.

The death of King Alexander III. of Scotland led to a succession crisis that established the rule of the English King Edward I over Scotland. Robert the Bruce's family was one of those who claimed the throne. In 1306 Robert was crowned king, which led to war with England. The first phase of the Battle of the Bruces in 1306 was the capture of the English-occupied castles of Ayr Castle , Dalswinton Castle , Inverkip Castle and Tibbers Castle. Control was given to John de Seton until the English retook the castle from the Scots, hanged the defenders, and installed a larger garrison, this time of 54 men. In 1313 the Scots regained control of the region. From then on, Tibbers Castle remained in Scottish hands; it belonged to Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray . He was followed by Thomas Randolph, 2nd Earl of Moray , and John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray . When John Randolph fell at the Battle of Neville's Cross in 1346 , the Earldom was passed on to Patrick V, Earl of March , along with Tibbers Castle . His son inherited both in 1369 and also acquired the Baronate Morton . Morton was believed to be the administrative center of the Tibbers Baronate. The estate was inherited in the Dunbar family until 1435, when they were confiscated by the Scottish Crown. In 1450 or 1451 King James II loaned Tibbers to Georg Crichton , Lord High Admiral of Scotland and later 1st  Earl of Caithness . When he died in 1454, the property came under royal control again.

A settlement at Tibbers was mentioned in 1451 and the existence of a castle did not protect the settlement from the attack by the troops of Sir Alexander Stewart of Garlies in 1547. It is not known when Tibbers Castle was abandoned, but in the 18th century the range of hills, on which the castle stands, used to grow grain. Part of the building was demolished in order to reuse building materials such as lime. The "Mote de Tibbris" is mentioned in 1499 and 1541 in the Registrum Magni Sigilli .

Over time, the interpretation of Tibbers Castle has changed and in the 18th century it was believed to be a Roman military camp , later it was recognized as a medieval castle. The name of the castle led to the suggestion that it was derived from Emperor Tiberius , but “Tibbers” comes from the Scottish Gaelic word “Toibar” (Engl .: fountain). The first documented excavation at Tibbers Castle took place in 1864, and two coins from the reign of King Edward II of England (1307-1327) and a dagger from the early 15th century were discovered. The site was surveyed in 1912, but no further excavations were carried out until the 21st century. Tibbers Castle has been a Scheduled Monument since 1937 . In 2013 and 2014, the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland carried out geophysical surveys in Tibbers, with the financial contribution of Historic Scotland and the Castles Studies Trust , including resistance and gradiometer measurements.

description

In the first phase, the castle consisted of a small enclosure on a range of hills on the west bank of the Nith. This enclosure was discovered during a geophysical survey in 2014, which also revealed that it contained wooden buildings.

When Richard Siward had the castle rebuilt around 1298, he probably had a mound with a castle and a stone enclosure wall added and the small enclosure replaced by two large enclosures south of the mound. There may have been a market in these enclosures, as was the case at Lochmaben Castle . There are few examples in Scotland of earthwork castles being converted into stone castles. The four-sided mound has an area of ​​44 × 27 meters at the top. The castle enclosure above is almost rectangular, covers an area of ​​26.8 × 11.6 meters and has a round tower at every corner. Little is left of this building above ground; the south-southeast tower is the best preserved. On the south side, the enclosed castle had an additional tower which, together with the south-southeast tower, flanked the entrance. Inside the castle had a fountain on the east side and a building line that stretched along the west and north sides. A knight's hall , kitchens and a bedroom were probably located there . There was a siding gate just south of the northeast tower . This phase of Tibbers Castle is "one of the few authentic remnants of English castle building in Scotland during the Plantagenet occupation of the country".

At its greatest extent, Tibbers Castle measured 330 by 85 meters. The courtyard of the enclosed castle is located in the inner castle . The two outer castles each cover an area of ​​about 0.4 hectares. The ramparts that enclose the site are preserved up to a height of 0.5 meters and between 3.4 and 5.5 meters wide. Double berths are uncommon, but there are other examples at Windsor Castle and Llandinam Castle .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Piers Dixon, Iain Anderson, Oliver O'Grady: The evolution of a castle, Tibbers, Dumfriesshire: Measured and geophysical survey, 2013-14 (PDF) Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and the Castle Studies Trust. S. 3. 2015. Accessed February 7, 2018.
  2. ↑ Piers Dixon, Iain Anderson, Oliver O'Grady: The evolution of a castle, Tibbers, Dumfriesshire: Measured and geophysical survey, 2013-14 (PDF) Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and the Castle Studies Trust. Pp. 3-28. 2015. Accessed February 7, 2018.
  3. ^ A b c Martin Coventry: The Castles of Scotland . 4th edition. Birlinn, 2006. ISBN 978-1-84158-449-2 . P. 603.
  4. ↑ GWS Barrow : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press. 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
  5. ↑ Michael Brown: The Wars of Scotland, 1214-1371 . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2004. ISBN 978-0-7486-1238-3 . P. 200.
  6. ↑ a b Piers Dixon, Iain Anderson, Oliver O'Grady: The evolution of a castle, Tibbers, Dumfriesshire: Measured and geophysical survey, 2013-14 (PDF) Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and the Castle Studies Trust . Pp. 3-4. 2015. Accessed February 7, 2018.
  7. ↑ Piers Dixon, Iain Anderson, Oliver O'Grady: The evolution of a castle, Tibbers, Dumfriesshire: Measured and geophysical survey, 2013-14 (PDF) Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and the Castle Studies Trust. S. 4. 2015. Accessed February 7, 2018.
  8. ↑ Piers Dixon, Iain Anderson, Oliver O'Grady: The evolution of a castle, Tibbers, Dumfriesshire: Measured and geophysical survey, 2013-14 (PDF) Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and the Castle Studies Trust. S. 8. 2015. Accessed February 7, 2018.
  9. ^ George Smith: The New Statistical Account of Scotland . Volume 4. William Blackwood and Sons, 1845. p. 503.
  10. ↑ David Christison: A General View of the Forts, Camps, and Motes of Dumfriesshire, with a detailed description of those in Upper Annandale, and an introduction to the study of Scottish Motes . Pp. 211. 1890-1891. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  11. ↑ George Chalmers: Caledonia: or an Account, Historical and Topographical, of North Britain; from the most ancient to the present times with a dictionary of places Chorographical and Philiogical . Volume 1. Cadell and Davies 1807. p. 137.
  12. ↑ a b Piers Dixon, Iain Anderson, Oliver O'Grady: The evolution of a castle, Tibbers, Dumfriesshire: Measured and geophysical survey, 2013-14 (PDF) Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and the Castle Studies Trust . S. 5. 2015. Accessed February 7, 2018.
  13. ↑ Scheduled Monument - Entry . In: Historic Scotland .
  14. ↑ Piers Dixon, Iain Anderson, Oliver O'Grady: The evolution of a castle, Tibbers, Dumfriesshire: Measured and geophysical survey, 2013-14 (PDF) Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and the Castle Studies Trust. P. 9, 11. 2015. Accessed February 7, 2018.
  15. ↑ Piers Dixon, Iain Anderson, Oliver O'Grady: The evolution of a castle, Tibbers, Dumfriesshire: Measured and geophysical survey, 2013-14 (PDF) Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and the Castle Studies Trust. S. 26. 2015. Accessed February 7, 2018.
  16. ↑ Piers Dixon, Iain Anderson, Oliver O'Grady: The evolution of a castle, Tibbers, Dumfriesshire: Measured and geophysical survey, 2013-14 (PDF) Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and the Castle Studies Trust. P. 13, 28th 2015. Accessed February 7th, 2018.
  17. ↑ Piers Dixon, Iain Anderson, Oliver O'Grady: The evolution of a castle, Tibbers, Dumfriesshire: Measured and geophysical survey, 2013-14 (PDF) Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and the Castle Studies Trust. Pp. 13-14, 17-28, 27. 2015. Accessed February 7, 2018.
  18. ↑ Piers Dixon, Iain Anderson, Oliver O'Grady: The evolution of a castle, Tibbers, Dumfriesshire: Measured and geophysical survey, 2013-14 (PDF) Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and the Castle Studies Trust. S. 20. 2015. Accessed February 7, 2018.
  19. ^ Royal Archaeological Institute: The summer meeting at Dumfries: Tibbers Castle . In: The Archaeological Journal . 1940. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  20. ↑ Piers Dixon, Iain Anderson, Oliver O'Grady: The evolution of a castle, Tibbers, Dumfriesshire: Measured and geophysical survey, 2013-14 (PDF) Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and the Castle Studies Trust. Pp. 12-13. 2015. Accessed February 7, 2018.
  21. ↑ Piers Dixon, Iain Anderson, Oliver O'Grady: The evolution of a castle, Tibbers, Dumfriesshire: Measured and geophysical survey, 2013-14 (PDF) Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and the Castle Studies Trust. S. 10. 2015. Accessed February 7, 2018.

literature

  • David Cornell: A Kingdom Cleared of Castles: the Role of the Castle in the Campaigns of Robert Bruce in The Scottish Historical Review . Volume 87. Edition 2 (2008). Pp. 233-257.

Web links