Trichoderma reesei

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Trichoderma reesei
Trichoderma.reesei.jpg

Trichoderma reesei

Systematics
Department : Ascomycota mushrooms
Class : Sordariomycetes
Subclass : Hypocreomycetidae
Family : Crustball relatives (Hypocreaceae)
Genre : Trichoderma
Type : Trichoderma reesei
Scientific name
Trichoderma reesei
Simmons , 1977

Trichoderma reesei is a hose fungus species from the family of the crustball relatives . The mesophilic and filamentous species is the anamorphic of the fungus Hypocrea jecorina Berk. & Broome, 1873.

Life cycle

The strain QM6a of Trichoderma reesei has a mating locus of the type MAT1-2 . The opposite mating type ( MAT1-1 ) was recently discovered, suggesting that T. reesei is a heterothallic species. Having been considered asexual since its discovery more than 50 years ago, sexual reproduction can now be induced in T. reesei QM6a, which leads to the formation of fertilized stroma and mature ascospores . T. reesei has a life cycle that is characterized depending on the mating type. The genome of the species was deciphered in 2008.

Ecology and biochemical services

T. reesei can secrete large amounts of cellulose- dissolving (cellulolytic) enzymes ( cellulases and hemicellulases). There are industrial applications for microbial cellulases in the conversion of cellulose, which is a major component of plant biomass , into glucose .

T. reesei isolate QM6a was originally isolated in the Solomon Islands during World War II , after attention was drawn to the destruction of tents and clothing by US forces . All of the strains of the species currently used in biotechnology and basic research are derived from this isolate.

use

Trichoderma reesei is an important microorganism for industry. Recent advances in the biochemistry of cellulase enzymology , the mechanism of cellulose hydrolysis ( cellulose ), strain improvement, cloning, and process engineering make T. reesei cellulases appear as important commercially available products for cellulose hydrolysis. Several industrially usable strains have been developed and labeled, e.g. B. Rut-C30, RL-P37 and MCG-80, which should focus on increasing cellulase production. The improvement programs originally consisted of classical mutagenesis (using ionizing radiation or chemicals), which resulted in strains that were able to produce 20 times as much cellulase as QM6a.

The ultimate goal of creating hypercellulolytic strains was to obtain a non-catabolic repressive strain that would allow T. reesei to produce cellulases under any combination of growth conditions, even in the presence of glucose. With the advent of modern genetic "tools" such as targeted deletion , targeted gene deactivation, and others, a new class of strains of synchronized "hyperproducers" has been created. Some of the most productive industrial strains produce up to 100 grams of cellulases per liter, more than three times as much as RUT-C30 (which itself produces twice as much as its parent strain NG14).

T. reesei is used for the production of stonewashed jeans . The cellulases produced by the fungus partially damage the fabric of the trousers and make it soft, so that the jeans look as if they had been washed with stones.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ EG Simmons: Classification of some cellulase-producing Trichoderma species . In: HE Bigelow & EG Simmons (Eds.): Abstracts, 2nd International Mycological Congress , Volume 2 1977, p. 618.
  2. ^ A b c d e V. Seidl, C. Seibel, CP Kubicek, M. Schmoll: Sexual development in the industrial workhorse Trichoderma reesei . In: PNAS . 106, No. 33, 2009, pp. 13909-13914. doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0904936106 .
  3. ↑ D. Martinez, RM Berka, B. Henrissat, et al .: Genome sequencing and analysis of the biomass-degrading fungus Trichoderma reesei (syn. Hypocrea jecorina) . In: Nat. Biotechnol. . 26, No. 5, May 2008, pp. 553-560. doi : 10.1038 / nbt1403 .
  4. ^ R. Kumar, S. Singh, OV Singh: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass: biochemical and molecular perspectives . In: J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. . 35, No. 5, May 2008, pp. 377-391. doi : 10.1007 / s10295-008-0327-8 .
  5. ↑ L. Viikari, M. Alapuranen, T. Puranen, J. Vehmaanperä, M. Siika-Aho: Thermostable enzymes in lignocellulose hydrolysis . In: Adv. Biochem. Closely. Biotechnol. (Advances in Biochemical Engineering / Biotechnology) . 108, 2007, pp. 121-145. doi : 10.1007 / 10_2007_065 .
  6. ^ V. Seidl, C. Gamauf, IS Druzhinina, B. Seiboth, L. Hartl, CP Kubicek: The Hypocrea jecorina ( Trichoderma reesei ) hypercellulolytic mutant RUT C30 lacks an 85 kb (29 gene-encoding) region of the wild-type genome . In: BMC Genomics . 9, 2008, p. 327. doi : 10.1186 / 1471-2164-9-327 .
  7. ↑ a b Bernhard Seiboth, Christa Ivanova, Verena Seidl-Seiboth: Chapter 13: Trichoderma reesei: A Fungal Enzyme Producer for Cellulosic Biofuels . In: Marco Aurélio Dos Santos Bernardes (Ed.): Biofuel Production-Recent Developments and Prospects . InTech, September 15, 2011, ISBN 978-953-307-478-8 , p. 321, doi : 10.5772 / 16848 .
  8. ↑ L. Heikinheimo, J. Buchert, A. Miettinen-Oinonen, P. Suominen: Treating Denim Fabrics with Trichoderma Reesei Cellulases . In: Textile Research Journal . 70, No. 11, 2000, pp. 969-973.
  9. ↑ Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for November 2004 . Retrieved September 11, 2019.

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