Saffron mallows

Saffron mallows
	Turnera subulata
Systematics
	Rosids
	Eurosiden I
Order :	Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family :	Passion flower family (Passifloraceae)
Subfamily :	Saffron Mallow Family (Turneroideae)
Genre :	Saffron mallows
Scientific name
	Turnera
	L.

The saffron mallow ( Turnera ) are the eponymous genus of the subfamily of the saffron mallow family (Turneroideae) in the family of the passion flower family (Passifloraceae). Few species are used there as medicinal herbs and aphrodisiac . The botanical genus name honors the English naturalist William Turner (1510–1568).

description

In the genus Turnera there are annual and perennial herbaceous plants and woody plants: shrubs . Secondary growth in thickness takes place through a conventional cambium ring. Hair (trichomes) are often present on parts of plants. The alternate and spirally arranged leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The simple leaf blade is pinnate. The leaf margin is serrated. At the base of the leaf blade there are glands or extra-floral nectaries. There are no stipules .

The flowers stand over (usually two) bracts individually in the leaf axils or together in racemose inflorescences. The hermaphroditic, radial symmetry , five-fold flowers have a double perianth . The free flower cup (hypanthium) is short or tubular. There are five sepals . The five petals are nailed and mostly yellow. There is only one circle (the outer one) with five free, fertile stamens ; they are not fused with the petals and arise deep in the flower cup. Three carpels are a single-chamber, Upper permanent ovary grown. Each ovary contains 25 to 100 anatropic ovules in parietal placentation. There are three free pens available.

A triple capsule fruit is formed, which usually contains many seeds. The elongated to cylindrical seeds are curved. They contain a lot of oily endosperm and a differentiated, straight embryo. The seeds are surrounded by an aril.

Pollination is carried out by a large number of species of bees and butterflies ( entomophilia ).

Microphyllae series : Damiana ( Turnera diffusa )

Leiocarpae series : Turnera opifera

Leiocarpae series : Turnera pumilea

Turnera longiflora

Systematics and distribution

Except for two African species, all species are native to the New World .

The genus Turnera contains 50 to over 140 species, which have been divided into nine series since Urban 1883:

Salicifoliae
Urb
series .
- Turnera ignota Arbo
- Turnera panamensis Urb.
- Turnera weddelliana Urb. & Rolfe

Stenodictyae

Annulares

Capitatae Urb.

Turnera capitata Cambess.
Turnera maracasana Arbo

Microphyllae Urb series .

Turnera calyptrocarpa Urb.
Damiana ( Turnera diffusa Willd. )

Series Papilliferae

Turnera chamaedrifolia Cambess.

Turnera series (= Canaligerae Urban )

Series Anomalae Urb.

Turnera bahiensis Urb.
Turnera cearensis Urb.

Leiocarpae Urb series .

Other types (selection):
- Turnera acuta Willd. ex explos.
- Turnera aromatica Arbo
- Turnera aurantiaca Benth.
- Turnera callosa Urb.
- Turnera hindsiana Benth.
- Turnera melochioides Cambess.
- Turnera orientalis (Urb.) Arbo
- Turnera panamensis Urb.
- Turnera trioniflora ledge

photos

Turnera ulmifolia :

swell

HR Coleman: in Western Australian Flora, 2008: Turnera - Online. (Section description)
VG Solís Neffa and A. Fernández: Chromosome studies in Turnera (Turneraceae) , in Genet. Mol. Biol. , Volume 23, No. 4, 2000: doi : 10.1590 / S1415-47572000000400037

Individual evidence

↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. Birkhäuser, Basel / Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-7643-0755-2 .
↑ ^a ^b Simon Truyens, Maria M. Arbo & Joel S. Shore: Phylogenetic relationships, chromosome and breeding system evolution in Turnera (Turneraceae): inferences from its sequence data , in American Journal of Botany , 92, 2005, p. 1749– 1758. On-line. (engl.).
^ I. Urban: Monograph of the family of Turneraceen , in Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Garden Berlin , 2, 1883, pp. 1–152.

Web links

Commons : Saffron Mallow ( Turnera ) - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

[1] Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. Birkhäuser, Basel / Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-7643-0755-2 .

[Truyens-2] Simon Truyens, Maria M. Arbo & Joel S. Shore: Phylogenetic relationships, chromosome and breeding system evolution in Turnera (Turneraceae): inferences from its sequence data , in American Journal of Botany , 92, 2005, p. 1749– 1758. On-line. (engl.).

[3] I. Urban: Monograph of the family of Turneraceen , in Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Garden Berlin , 2, 1883, pp. 1–152.