Udmurt grammar
This article deals with the grammar of the Udmurt language .
pronoun
The pronoun in Udmurt are inflected in the same way as nouns . However, pronouns are inflected only in grammatical cases and not in the locative case .
Personal pronouns
Just like in English, are personal pronouns used to people on lecture . However, the 3rd P singular can refer to "es". Udmurt personal pronouns can only be inflected in grammatical and approximal cases.
| Personal pronouns | |
|---|---|
| Udmurt | German |
| Singular | |
| мон (mon) | I |
| тон (ton) | you |
| со (so) | he she it |
| Plural | |
| ми (mi) | we |
| тӥ (ti) | her |
| соос (soos) | she |
reflexive pronouns
The reflexive pronouns can only be inflected in the grammatical and approximal cases.
| reflexive pronouns | |
|---|---|
| Udmurt | German |
| Singular | |
| аслам (aslam) | myself |
| аслад (aslad) | yourself |
| аслаз (aslaz) | yourself / yourself / yourself |
| Plural | |
| асьмеос (as'meos) | we ourselves |
| асьтэос (as'teos) | you yourself |
| асьсэос (as'sos) | yourself |
Interrogative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns are inflected in all cases. The unanimated interrogative pronoun 'what' has the form кыт- in the locative .
| Interrogative pronouns (nominative) | |
|---|---|
| Udmurt | German |
| Singular | |
| ма (ma) | What |
| кин (kin) | who |
| Plural | |
| маос (maos) | What |
| кинъëс (ki'nos) | who |
| Question pronouns | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| case | кин- (kin-) | German | ма- / кыт- (ma- / kyt-) | German |
| Nominative | кин (kin) | who | ма (ma) | What |
| accusative | кинэ (kine) | whom | мае (maye) | What |
| Genitive | кинлэн (kinlen) | whose | малэн (paint) | of what |
| ablative | кинлэсь (kinles') | by whom | малэсь (males') | of what |
| dative | кинлы (kinly) | to whom | малы (maly) | what for |
| Instructiv | кинэн (kinen) | with whom | маин (manen) | by which |
| Abessive | кинтэк (kintek) | without whom | матэк (matek) | without something |
| Adverbial | кинъя (kin'ya) | In which way | мая (maya) | In which way |
| Inessive | - | - | кытын (kyntyn) | Where |
| Illative | - | - | кытчы (kytchy) | where |
| Elative | - | - | кытысь (kytysh) | where from |
| Egressive | - | - | кытысен (kytysen) | starts where |
| Terminative | - | - | кытчыозь (kytchyoz ') | ends where |
| Prolative | - | - | кытӥ (kyti) | where to go |
| Approximate | кинлань (kinlan ') | to whom | малань (malan ') | in which direction |
noun
In Udmurt there is no gender distinction between nouns .
case
Udmurt table has 15 cases . Of these, eight are grammatical and seven are locative . A word that is in the locative modifies the verb in the sentence and not necessarily the noun. The locative case can only be used with inanimate referents, with the exception of approximate cases.
| Udmurt case | ||
|---|---|---|
| case | suffix | example
(Village) |
| grammatically | ||
| Nominative | - | belt |
| Genitive | -len | belts |
| accusative | -ez / -yez / -ty / -yz | Gurtez |
| ablative | -les' | gurtles' |
| dative | -ly | gurtly |
| Instrumental | -en / -yen / -yn | gird |
| Abessive | -tek | gurttek |
| Adverbial | -ya | gurt'ya |
| locative | ||
| Inessive | -yn | gurtyn |
| Illative | -e / ye / -y | gurtye |
| Elative | -ys' | gurtys' |
| Egressive | -ysen | gurtysen |
| Terminative | -oz ' | gurtoz ' |
| Prolative | -eti / -yeti / -yti / -ti | gurteti |
| Approximate | -lan ' | gurtlan ' |
Udmurt case endings are added directly to the nouns, exceptions are a few lexemes with Ural origin. These lexemes have a word stem change when they occur in the locative case with a vowel beginning.
| Examples of lexemes with a modified word stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Lexeme | Stem | Inessive | Original trunk shape |
| sin | sinm- | sinmyn | * -lm- → * -nm- |
| in | inm- | inmyn | |
| kiss | kusk- | kuskyn | * -sk - |
| nyules | nyulesk- | nyuleskyn | |
| kyk | kykt- | kykteti | * -kt- |
Personal pronouns have irregularities compared to the declension of other nouns.
| Declension of Udmurt personal pronouns | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| case | 1st person Sing. | 2nd person Sing. | 3rd person Sing. | 1st person Pl. | 2nd person Pl. | 3rd person Pl. |
| Nominative | mon | volume | so | mi | ti | soos |
| Genitive | mynam | tynad | sols | milyam | tilyad | sooslen |
| accusative | mone | tone | soe | milemyz ~ milemdy | tiledyz ~ tileddy | soosyz ~ soosty |
| ablative | mynes'tym | tynes'tyd | soles' | myles'tym | tyles'tyd | soosles' |
| dative | mynym | tynyd | soly | milem | tiled | soosly |
| Instrumental | monen ~ monennym | ton ~ tonenyd | soin | milemyn ~ milenymy | tiledyn ~ tilenydy | soosyn |
| Abessive | montek | tontek | sotek | mitek | titek | soostek |
| Adverbial | mon'ya | ton'ya | soy | miya | tiya | soos'ya |
| Approximate | monlan ' | tonlan ' | solan ' | Milan ' | tilan ' | sooPslan ' |
Plural
There are two types of nominal plural in Udmurt. On the one hand the plural for nouns ( -ос / -ëс ) and on the other hand the plural for adjectives ( -эсь / -есь ).
Nominal plural
The plural is always expressed in the noun. In attributive sentence positions, the plural is not marked in the adjective.
| Attributive plural | ||
|---|---|---|
| Udmurt table | English | German |
| чебер (есь) нылъ ëс | (the) beautiful girls | (the) beautiful girls |
The plural marker always comes before other endings.
| Morphological order | ||
|---|---|---|
| Udmurt table | English | German |
| ныл ъëс лы | to the girls | to the girls |
| гурт ъëс азы | to / in their villages | to their villages |
Predicative plural
If the subject is in the plural, the adjective is also always in the plural as soon as it functions as a predicate of the sentence.
| Attributive plural | ||
|---|---|---|
| Udmurt table | English | German |
| нылъëс чебер есь | the girls are beautiful | the girls are beautiful |
| толъёс куз есь | the winters are cold | the winters are cold |
Subsequent numerals
Nouns are usually singular when they come before a cardinal number . But if the subject is plural, then the predicative verb must congruent with it .
| Udmurt table | English | German |
|---|---|---|
| Та гуртын витьтон куать корка | There are fifty-six houses in this village | There are fifty-six houses in the village |
| Аудиториын дас студент пуке ~ Аудиториын дас студент ъëс пук о | There are ten students sitting in the lecture hall | There are ten students in the hall |
Possessive suffixes
Nominal possessive suffixes
In Udmurtic, possessive suffixes are attached to the end of the noun, both before and after the case ending. The possessive suffixes vary in the nominative, accusative and case ending.
| Nominal possessive suffixes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Suffix ending | Udmurt table | English | German |
| -е / -э | эш е | my friend | my friend |
| -ед / -эд | эш ед | your friend | your friend |
| -ез / -эз | эш ез | his / her friend | his / her friend |
| -мы | эш мы | our friend | our friend |
| -ды / -ты | эш ты | your (pl) friend | your (pl) friend |
| -зы / -сы | эш сы | their friend | her (pl) friend |
Certain lexemes have their origins in Finno-Ugric . They contain the vowel -ы- in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person singular in the nominative possessive suffix.
| Nominative possessive suffixes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suffix ending | Udmurt table | Finnish equivalent | English | German |
| -ы | ки ы | kateni | my hand | my hand |
| -ыд | ки ыд | kätesi | your hand | your hand |
| -ыз | ки ыз | kätensä | his / her hand | his / her hand |
Accusative possessive suffixes
The following table shows accusative possessive suffixes. The consonant of the 2nd and 3rd person singular and plural depend on whether the last phoneme of the word is voiced or unvoiced.
| Accusative possessive suffixes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Suffix ending | Udmurt table | English | German |
| -ме | эш ме | my friend | my friend |
| -тэ / -дэ | эш тэ | your friend | your friend |
| -сэ / -зэ | эш сэ | his / her friend | his / her friend |
| -мес | эш мес | our friend | our friend |
| -дэс / -тэс | эш тэс | your (pl) friend | your (pl) friend |
| -зэс / -сэс | эш сэс | their friend | her (pl) friend |
Possessive suffixes with case ending (singular)
The morphological placement of the possessive suffix with other endings depends on the case. Possessive suffixes are identical to normative suffixes, but also to the genitive, ablative, dative, abessive, adverbial and approximate.
| Possessive suffixes with case ending | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| case | Udmurt table | English | German |
| Nominative | гуртэ | my village | my village |
| Genitive | гурт э лэн | my village's / of my village | my village |
| ablative | гурт э лэсь | from my village | from my village |
| dative | гурт э лы | for my village | for my village |
| Abessive | гурт э тэк | without my village | without my village |
| Adverbial | гурт э я | across my village | through my village |
| Approximate | гурт э лань | towards my village | to my village |
The possessive suffix comes after the instrumental, inessive, illative, elative, egressive, terminative and prolative and the vowel is reduced to ы in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person singular. In the 1st person singular there is an м . If a possessive suffix is added, the forms of the insessive and illative change to -а- and in the elative to -ысьт- . If the inessive, illative, terminative and prolative have a vowel, the morpheme ы is absent .
| Possessive suffixes with case ending | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | Instrumental | Inessive | Illative | Elative | Egressive | Terminative | Prolative |
| Singular | |||||||
| 1. | гуртэн ым | гурта м | гурта м | гуртысьт ым | гуртысен ым | гуртозя м | гуртэтӥ м |
| 2. | гуртэн ыд | гурта д | гурта д | гуртысьт ыд | гуртысен ыд | гуртозя д | гуртэтӥ д |
| 3. | гуртэн ыз | гурта з | гурта з | гуртысьт ыз | гуртысен ыз | гуртозя з | гуртэтӥ з |
| Plural | |||||||
| 1. | гуртэн ымы | гурта мы | гурта мы | гуртысьт ымы | гуртысен ымы | гуртозя мы | гуртэтӥ мы |
| 2. | гуртэн ыды | гурта ды | гурта ды | гуртысьт ыды | гуртысен ыды | гуртозя ды | гуртэтӥ ды |
| 3. | гуртэн ызы | гурта зы | гурта зы | гуртысьт ызы | гуртысен ызы | гуртозя зы | гуртэтӥ зы |
Possessive suffixes with case ending (plural)
In the singular, the possessive suffixes precede the genitive, ablative, dative, abessive, adverbial and approximative. The vowels in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person singular are reduced to ы.
| Possessive suffixes with case ending | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| case | Udmurt table (1st person sing.) | English | German |
| Nominative | гуртъëс ы | my villages | my villages |
| Genitive | гуртъëс ы лэн | my villages' / of my villages | my villages |
| ablative | гуртъëс ы лэсь | from my villages | from my villages |
| dative | гуртъëс ы лы | for my villages | for my villages |
| Abessive | гуртъëс ы тэк | without my villages | without my villages |
| Adverbial | гуртъëс ы я | across my villages | through my villages |
| Approximate | гуртъëс ы лань | towards my villages | to my villages |
Just as in the singular, the possessive suffixes follow in the instrumental, inessive, elative, egressive, terminative and prolative. The suffix forms follow the structure as in the singular. There are the same exceptions in the plural as in the singular: In the instrumental э / е is reduced to ы .
| Possessive suffixes with case ending | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| case | Udmurt table (1st person sing.) | English | German |
| Instrumental | гуртъëсын ым | by means of my villages | through my villages |
| Inessive | гуртъëса м | in my villages | in my villages |
| Illative | гуртъëса м | to my villages | to my villages |
| Elative | гуртъëсысьты м | from my villages | from my villages |
| Egressive | гуртъëсысен ым | starting from my villages | starting from my villages |
| Terminative | гуртъëсозя м | ending up at my villages | finally in my villages |
| Prolative | гуртъëстӥ м | along my villages | along my villages |
Some words can be used as nouns, adjectives and also adverbs without changing their form. In the 3rd person singular, the possessive suffix can also function as a definitive article.
Adjectives
In Udmurt noun phrases, there is no congruence between adjectives and nouns. But there is a tendency for adjectives to have a plural marker when the noun is plural.
Determinative
Udmurt table has a stressed determinative suffix , the function of which is to put emphasis on the characteristics of the referent and to define and separate him from a group of other similar referents. In the 3rd person singular, the possessive suffix -ез / -эз and -из, and in the plural, the possessive suffix -ыз, acts as a determinative suffix.
| Determinative suffixes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| case | neutral | English | German | determinative | English | German |
| Singular | ||||||
| Nominative | бадӟым гурт | (a) big village | (a) big village | бадӟым ез гурт | (specifically) a big village | (specifically) a big village |
| Inessive | бадӟым гуртын | in a big village | in a big village | бадӟым аз гуртын | in the (specifically) big village | in the (special) big village |
| Illative | бадӟым гуртэ | to a big village | to a big village | бадӟым аз гуртэ | to the (specifically) big village | to the (special) big village |
| Elative | бадӟым гуртысь | from a big village | from a large village | бадӟым ысьтыз гуртысь | from the (specifically) big village | from the (special) large village |
| Plural | ||||||
| Nominative | бадӟым (есь) гуртъëс | (the) big villages | (the) big villages | бадӟым ъëсыз гуртъëс | the (specifically) big villages | the (special) large villages |
| Inessive | бадӟым (есь) гуртъëсын | in the big villages | in the big villages | s бадӟым ъëсаз гуртъëсын | in the (specifically) big villages | in the (special) large villages |
| Illative | бадӟым (есь) гуртъëсы | to the big villages | to the big villages | бадӟым ъëсаз гуртъëсы | to the (specifically) big villages | to the (special) large villages |
| Elative | бадӟым (есь) гуртъëсысь | from a big village | from the big villages | бадӟым ъëсысьтыз гуртъëсысь | from the (specifically) big village | from the (special) large villages |
comparative
Comparatives are used when two referents are compared without necessarily expressing what is being compared. In Udmurt, the comparative suffix is -гес. The subject to be compared can be in the ablative or in the post position сярысь .
| comparative | ||
|---|---|---|
| Udmurt table | English | German |
| Скал ыжлэсь бадӟым (гес) ~ Скал ыж сярысь бадӟым (гес) | A cow is larger than a sheep | A cow is bigger than a sheep |
superlative
In Udmurt there is no suffix that expresses the superlative. However, it is formed with the Russian particle самой or the indefinite expressions ваньмызлэсь , котькинлэсь or котьмалэсь .
| superlative | ||
|---|---|---|
| Udmurt table | English | German |
| самой ~ ваньмызлэсь ~ котькинлэсь ~ котьмалэсь бадӟым | biggest (of them all) | greatest (of all) |
| самой ~ ваньмызлэсь ~ котькинлэсь ~ котьмалэсь выль | newest (of them all) | newest (of all) |
| самой ~ ваньмызлэсь ~ котькинлэсь ~ котьмалэсь дун | cleanest (of them all) | cleanest (of all) |
Post positions
In Udmurt, postpositions are used more often than prepositions . A large number of stems of the Udmurt postpositions have a locative meaning and can conjugate the local case. But not all of the seven locative cases can lead to paradigm conjugation. The paradigm mostly consists of the inessive, elative or illative.
| Post positions | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Word stem | Example (inessive) | English | German |
| азь | азь ын | in front of | in front |
| выл | выл ын | on top of | on |
| дор | дор ын | next to, at | Next |
| бӧрсьы | бӧрсьы ын | in back of / behind | Behind |
| пум | пум ын | at the end of | At the end of |
| ул | ул ын | under | under |
In the illative there is a variation between -э / -е and -ы . The illative form of the postposition пал 'side' is пала 'to the side of' (to the side of).
| Post positions | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Word stem | Example (illative) | English | German |
| -э / -е | |||
| азь | аз е | to the front of | in front |
| выл | выл э | to the top of | on |
| пум | пум е | to the end of | until the end of |
| ул | улы э | under | under |
| -ы | |||
| дор | дор ы | next to, at | Next |
| шор | шор ы | to the center of | in the middle of |
| сьӧр | сьӧр ы | to the behind of | to the rear of |
| вис (к-) | виск ы | between | between |
There is also a small group of non-inflecting postpositions in addition to those that inflect in the locative cases.
| Post position | English | German |
|---|---|---|
| артэ | next to | Next |
| бере | nach | to |
| быдэ | all, each | all, each |
| валче | together; because of, due to | because of |
| дыръя | during | while |
| кузя | along | along |
| сямен | in the way of / wise | in the manner of |
| сярысь | about | over |
| ӵоже | within | within |
| ӵош | together | together |
Most nouns in Urdmurt postpositions are inflected in the nominative, but there are also a few postpositions that inflect the noun in the dative, ablative, or instrumental.
| example | English | German |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| ӝок вылын | on top of a / the table | on a / the table |
| писпу сьӧрысь | from behind a / the tree | behind a tree |
| анай сярысь | about (a) mother | about (a) mother |
| университет бере | after university | after university |
| тон понна | because of you | because of you |
| dative | ||
| ар лы быдэ | every year | each year |
| тӧл лы пумит | against the wind | against the wind |
| ablative | ||
| та лэсь азьло | before this | before the |
| Instrumental | ||
| ана ен ӵош | with mother | with Mother |
| со ин валче | because of it | therefore |
| мон эн артэ | next to me | next to me |
Verbs
The verbs of the Udmurt fall into two groups or divide two conjugations. Both have the infitive marker -ны . The verb in conjugation I contains " ы" as in мыныны . Verbs of conjugation II contain -а- in the infinitives, as in ужаны . The verb in conjugation I can have two stems : a whole stem as in мыны- and a short stem as in мын- .
Person and number
In Udmurt language, person and number cannot always be clearly separated morphologically. The suffixes are mostly the same in all tenses and modes (except imperative).
| Personal suffixes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| person | suffix | ||
| Singular | |||
| 1.P | -O | ||
| 2.P | -д | ||
| 3.P | -з | ||
| Plural | |||
| 1.P | -мы | ||
| 2.P | -ды | ||
| 3.P | -зы | ||
Tense
Udmurt has a multitude of tenses that are either synthetically or analytically formed.
| synthetically formed | analytically formed |
|---|---|
| Present | Past tense II |
| Future tense | Past tense III |
| preterite | Perfect II |
| Perfect I. | Past perfect I. |
| Past perfect II |
Present
The present tense has its own symbol in the 1st and 2nd person SG / PL. The present tense is used not only for actions and processes in the present, but also for those in the immediate future. The 3rd person is marked with - (ӥ) сько - / - (и) сько-. The 3rd person SG is marked with -э / -е (conjugation I) or unmarked (conjugation II). The 3rd person plural is marked with -о (conjugation I) or -ло (conjugation II).
| Present | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | тодыны (conjugation I) | German | кырӟаны (Conjugation II) | German |
| Singular | ||||
| 1.P | тод ӥсько | I know | кырӟа сько | I sing |
| 2.P | тод ӥськод | you know | кырӟа ськод | you sing |
| 3.P | тод э | he / she knows | кырӟа | he / she sings |
| Plural | ||||
| 1.P | тод ӥськомы | we know | кырӟа ськомы | we sing |
| 2.P | тод ӥськоды | you all know | кырӟа ськоды | you sing |
| 3.P | тод о | You know | кырӟа ло | they sing |
The negative present indicative is indicated in the 1st and 2nd P SG by the auxiliary "y-" on the negation verb and the marker - (ӥ) ськы / - (и) ськы and in the 1st and 2nd P PL by - (ӥ) ське / - (и) ське on the main verb. The 3rd P SG is either marked by the entire stem (conjugation I) or remains re-marked (conjugation II). The 3.P PL is marked by "-o" (conjugation I) or -ло (conjugation II).
The negation verb is conjugated in the 1st and 3rd P SG and the 3rd P PL with the ending "-r". The 2.P SG and PL are both conjugated with the ending -д and the 1.P PL with -м .
| Present negative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | тодыны (conjugation I) | German | кырӟаны (Conjugation II) | German |
| Singular | ||||
| 1.P | уг тод ӥськы | I do not know | уг кырӟа ськы | I do not sing |
| 2.P | уд тод ӥськы | you do not know | уд кырӟа ськы | you don't sing |
| 3.P | уг тоды | he / she doesn't know | уг кырӟа | he / she doesn't sing |
| Plural | ||||
| 1.P | ум тод ӥське | we do not know | ум кырӟа ське | we don't sing |
| 2.P | уд тод ӥське | you don't know | уд кырӟа ське | you don't sing |
| 3.P | уг тод о | they do not know | уг кырӟа ло | they don't sing |
Future tense
The future tense is marked in Udmurt with -о- (conjugation I) and -ло- (conjugation II).
| Future tense | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | тодыны (conjugation I) | German | кырӟаны (Conjugation II) | German |
| Singular | ||||
| 1st | тод о | I will know | кырӟа ло | I will sing |
| 2nd | тод од | you will know | кырӟа лод | you will sing |
| 3rd | тод оз | he / she will know | кырӟа лоз | he / she will sing |
| Plural | ||||
| 1st | тод омы | we will know | кырӟа ломы | we will sing |
| 2nd | тод оды | you will know | кырӟа лоды | you will sing |
| 3rd | тод озы | You will know | кырӟа лозы | they will sing |
The negative future indicative is formed in the singular by the auxiliary у- am negation verb and by the stem of the main verb. The plural is in conjugation with I -э / -е marked and in conjugation with II -лэ .
The negation verb is formed in the 1.P SG by the ending "-r". The 3.P SG and PL are formed by the ending -з . The other forms are identical to the negation of the present tense.
| Future negative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | тодыны (conjugation I) | German | кырӟаны (Conjugation II) | German |
| Singular | ||||
| 1st | уг тод (ы) | i will not know | уг кырӟа | i won't sing |
| 2nd | уд тод (ы) | you won't know | уд кырӟа | you won't sing |
| 3rd | уз тод (ы) | he / she will not know | уз кырӟа | he / she will not sing |
| Plural | ||||
| 1st | ум тод э | we will not know | ум кырӟа лэ | we won't sing |
| 2nd | уд тод э | you will not know | уд кырӟа лэ | you will not sing |
| 3rd | уз тод э | they won't know | уз кырӟа лэ | they won't sing |
preterite
The conventionally used terms past tense and perfect tense are used with terms that differ from the usual meanings in the grammar of other languages.
Past tense I.
The past tense I can be compared to the simple past in English. It is marked by ӥ / и in conjugation I. Except in the 1st P SG, which is marked with й , there is no marker in the past tense for conjugation II.
| Past tense I. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | тодыны (conjugation I) | German | кырӟаны (Conjugation II) | German |
| Singular | ||||
| 1st | тод ӥ | I would know | кырӟа й | I sang |
| 2nd | тод ӥд | you knew | кырӟа д | you sang |
| 3rd | тод ӥз | he / she knew | кырӟа з | he / she sang |
| Plural | ||||
| 1st | тод ӥм (ы) | we knew | кырӟа м (ы) | we sang |
| 2nd | тод ӥды | you knew | кырӟа ды | you sang |
| 3rd | тод ӥзы | they knew | кырӟа зы | they sang |
The negative simple past I is formed in the singular by the auxiliary "-ö" on the negation verb and with the stem of the main verb. The plural is formed either with -э / -е (conjugation I) or with -лэ (conjugation II).
The negation verb is formed in the 1st P SG with the ending -й . The 3.P SG / PL contain the ending -з . The other forms are formed negatively as in the present tense .
| Past I negative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | тодыны (conjugation I) | German | кырӟаны (Conjugation II) | German |
| Singular | ||||
| 1st | ӧй тоды | I did not know | ӧй кырӟа | i didn't sing |
| 2nd | ӧд тоды | You did not know | ӧд кырӟа | you don't sing |
| 3rd | ӧз тоды | he / she didn't know | ӧз кырӟа | he / she did not sing |
| Plural | ||||
| 1st | ӧм тод э | we did not know | ӧм кырӟа лэ | we didn't sing |
| 2nd | ӧд тод э | you did not know | ӧд кырӟа лэ | you do not sing |
| 3rd | ӧз тод э | They did not know | ӧз кырӟа лэ | they didn't sing |
Past tense II
The past tense II is a past tense that marks evidentiality . It can be compared to the English perfect, where the speaker did not personally observe the past event. The past tense II is marked by (э) м / (е) м .
In addition to the normal personal suffixes, the present indicative marker - (ӥ) ськ - / - (и) ськ- is placed in front of the 1.P SG / PL. In the 2nd and 3P PL the frequentive verb marker -лля- appears . There is no personal suffix in the 3rd P SG; this can sometimes also be the case in the 3rd P PL.
| Past tense II | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | тодыны (conjugation I) | German | кырӟаны (Conjugation II) | German |
| Singular | ||||
| 1.P | тод ӥськем | I obviously knew | кырӟа ськем | I was obviously singing |
| 2.P | тод эмед | you obviously knew | кырӟа мед | you obviously sang |
| 3.P | тод эм | he / she obviously knew | кырӟа м | he / she was obviously singing |
| Plural | ||||
| 1.P | тод ӥськеммы | we obviously knew | кырӟа ськемм (ы) | we obviously sang |
| 2.P | тод ӥллямды | you obviously knew | кырӟа ллямды | you obviously sang |
| 3.P | тод ӥллям (зы) | they obviously knew | кырӟа ллям (зы) | they obviously sang |
The negative past tense II is formed either by including the auxiliary copula ӧвӧл "nicht" in a negation verb, or with the negation marker -мтэ- .
| Past tense II negative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | тодыны (conjugation I) | German | кырӟаны (Conjugation II) | German |
| Singular | ||||
| 1.P | тод ӥськымтэе ~ ӧвӧл тодӥськем | I obviously didn't know | кырӟа ськымтэе ~ ӧвӧл кырӟаськем | I obviously didn't sing |
| 2.P | тоды мтэед ~ ӧвӧл тодэмед | you obviously didn't know | кырӟа мтэед ~ ӧвӧл кырӟамед | you obviously didn't sing |
| 3.P | тоды мтэ ~ ӧвӧл тодэм | he / she obviously didn't know | кырӟа мтэ ~ ӧвӧл кырӟам | he / she obviously did not sing |
| Plural | ||||
| 1.P | тод ӥськымтэмы ~ ӧвӧл тодӥськеммы | we obviously didn't know | кырӟа ськымтэмы ~ ӧвӧл кырӟаськемм (ы) | we obviously didn't sing |
| 2.P | тод ӥллямтэды ~ ӧвӧл тодӥллямды | you obviously didn't know | кырӟа ллямтэды ~ ӧвӧл кырӟаллямды | you obviously didn't sing |
| 3.P | тод ӥллямтэ ~ ӧвӧл тодӥллям (зы) | they obviously didn't know | кырӟа ллямтэ ~ ӧвӧл кырӟаллям (зы) | they obviously didn't sing |
Auxiliary forms of the past
In Udmurt there are four past tenses that use a form of the past tense in the main verb and a past tense form in the auxiliary verb "sein".
Past perfect I.
The Udmurt past perfect makes use of the past tense I of the main verb and the auxiliary вал - "war" in the 3rd P SG . The past perfect I expresses a process of action that happened in the past.
| Past perfect I. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | тодыны (conjugation I) | German | кырӟаны (Conjugation II) | German |
| Singular | ||||
| 1.P | тодӥ вал | I knew | кырӟай вал | I was singing |
| 2.P | тодӥд вал | you knew | кырӟад вал | you sang |
| 3.P | тодӥз вал | he / she knew | кырӟаз вал | he / she sang |
| Plural | ||||
| 1.P | тодӥм (ы) вал | we had known | кырӟам (ы) вал | we had sung |
| 2.P | тодӥды вал | you knew | кырӟады вал | you had sung |
| 3.P | тодӥзы вал | they had known | кырӟазы вал | they had sung |
The negative past perfect is formed by the negative past tense I and the auxiliary " вал" .
| Past perfect I negative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | тодыны (conjugation I) | German | кырӟаны (Conjugation II) | German |
| Singular | ||||
| 1.P | ӧй тоды вал | I didn't know | ӧй кырӟа вал | I hadn't sung |
| 2.P | ӧд тоды вал | you didn't know | ӧд кырӟа вал | you didn't sing |
| 3.P | ӧз тоды вал | he / she hadn't known | ӧз кырӟа вал | he / she had not sung |
| Plural | ||||
| 1.P | ӧм тодэ вал | we hadn't known | ӧм кырӟалэ вал | we hadn't sung |
| 2.P | ӧд тодэ вал | you didn't know | ӧд кырӟалэ вал | you didn't sing |
| 3.P | ӧз тодэ вал | they hadn't known | ӧз кырӟалэ вал | they hadn't sung |
Past perfect II
There are two constructions of the past perfect II. The first forms the main verb in the past tense II in the 3rd P SG and is inflected by the possessive personal suffix and the auxiliary " вал" . In the other form, the main verb is in the past II and the verb "sein" - вылэм- in the past I. The past perfect II expresses the result of an action that has ended but has not been observed by anyone.
| Past perfect II (тодыны) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| person | Past perfect II a | Past perfect II b | German |
| Singular | |||
| 1.P | тодэме вал | тодӥськем вылэм | I obviously knew |
| 2.P | тодэмед вал | тодэмед вылэм | you obviously knew |
| 3.P | тодэм вал | тодэм вылэм | he / she had obviously known |
| Plural | |||
| 1.P | тодэммы вал | тодӥськеммы вылэм | we had obviously known |
| 2.P | тодэмды вал | тодӥллямды вылэм | you obviously knew |
| 3.P | тодэмзы вал | тодӥллям (зы) вылэм | they had obviously known |
The negative past perfect is formed in the 3rd P SG either by the past tense II of the negative main verb (marked by -мтэ- ) with a possessive personal suffix and the auxiliary вал ( past perfect II a), or marked with the negative past tense II of the main verb with -мтэ- , and the auxiliary verb from the past tense II вылэм .
| Past tense II negative (тодыны) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| person | Past perfect II a | Past perfect II b | German |
| Singular | |||
| 1.P | тодымтэе вал | тодӥськымтэе вылэм | I obviously hadn't known |
| 2.P | тодымтэед вал | тодымтэед вылэм | you obviously didn't know |
| 3.P | тодымтэ вал | тодымтэ вылэм | he / she obviously didn't know |
| Plural | |||
| 1P | тодымтэмы вал | тодӥськымтэмы вылэм | we obviously hadn't known |
| 2.P | тодымтэды вал | тодӥллямтэды вылэм | she obviously didn't know |
| 3.P | тодымтэзы вал | тодӥллямтэ вылэм | they obviously hadn't known |
Durative past tense
The durative past tense of Udmurt can be compared with the past progressive of English. Its function can be described as an expression of an action in the past. The structure consists of the present tense in the main verb and the past tense in the auxiliary verb. The structure of the negative durative past tense consists of the negative present tense in the main verb and the auxiliary verb in the past tense.
| durative simple past (кырӟаны) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | Affirmative | German | negative | German |
| Singular | ||||
| 1.P | кырӟасько вал / вылэм | I was singing | уг кырӟаськы вал / вылэм | I hadn't sung |
| 2.P | кырӟаськод вал / вылэм | you were singing | уд кырӟаськы вал / вылэм | you didn't sing |
| 3.P | кырӟа вал / вылэм | he / she had sung | уг кырӟа вал / вылэм | he / she had not sung |
| Plural | ||||
| 1.P | кырӟаськомы вал / вылэм | we had sung | ум кырӟаське вал / вылэм | we hadn't sung |
| 2.P | кырӟаськоды вал / вылэм | you had sung | уд кырӟаське вал / вылэм | you did not sing |
| 3.P | кырӟало вал / вылэм | they had sung | уг кырӟало вал / вылэм | they hadn't sung |
Frequentative past tense
The frequentative past tense in Udmurt expresses a repeated action from the past. It consists of the future tense in the main verb and the auxiliary verb in the simple past. The negative frequentative simple past consists of the negative future of the main verb and the auxiliary verb in the simple past.
| Frequentative simple past (кырӟаны) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | Affirmative | German | negative | German |
| Singular | ||||
| 1.P | кырӟало вал / вылэм | I kept singing | уг кырӟа вал / вылэм | I didn't keep singing |
| 2.P | кырӟалод вал / вылэм | you keep sanctifying | уд кырӟа вал / вылэм | you don't keep scorching |
| 3.P | кырӟлоз вал / вылэм | he / she sang over and over again | уз кырӟа вал / вылэм | he / she didn't keep singing |
| Plural | ||||
| 1.P | кырӟаломы вал / вылэм | we kept singing | ум кырӟалэ вал / вылэм | we didn't keep singing |
| 2.P | кырӟалоды вал / вылэм | you kept singing | уд кырӟалэ вал / вылэм | you don't keep singing |
| 3.P | кырӟалозы вал / вылэм | they kept singing | уз кырӟалэ вал / вылэм | they didn't keep singing |
The passive
Udmurt has no separate affixes to express the passive voice. The 3rd P PL of a verb is used to express an unknown and indefinite agent.
| passive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 3.P PL | German | passive | German |
| Соос ужало | they work | Татын ужало | (People) work here |
| Соос удмурт сямен верасько | they speak Udmurt table | Татын удмурт сямен верасько | Udmurt is spoken here |
| Соос ӟуч сямен уг верасько | they don't speak russian | Татын ӟуч сямен уг верасько | Russian is not spoken here |
mode
Udmurt has 3 different modes: indicative, conditional and imperative. The optative occurs only in some dialects of Udmurt.
Conditional
The conditional expresses an unrealistic action that the speaker hopes for or considers possible. The conditional marker is -сал and tied to the verb stem together with the peronsal suffixes. The 3rd P SG can also be formed without a personal suffix. The negative conditional is expressed in the 1st P SG with the past tense I and the negative verb ӧй .
| Conditional (карыны) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | Affirmative | German | negative | German |
| Singular | ||||
| 1.P | кары сал | I would like to do | ӧй карысал | I wouldn't do it |
| 2.P | кары салыд | you would do | ӧй карысалыд | you wouldn't do |
| 3.P | кары сал (ыз) | he / she would do | ӧй карысал (ыз) | he / she wouldn't do |
| Plural | ||||
| 1.P | кары салмы | we would do | ӧй карысалмы | we wouldn't do |
| 2.P | кары салды | you would do | ӧй карысалды | you wouldn't do |
imperative
The verb stem is used imperatively for the 2nd P SG. If the stem of a conjugation I verb ends in a consonant, or is a syllable and ends in a vowel, then the short stem is the imperative. If the stem of a conjugated I-verb ends in two consonants, the entire stem marks the imperative.
The 2nd P PL infinitive is marked in conjugation I verbs with -е (лэ) / - э (лэ) and with -лэ in conjugation II verbs.
The imperative negative auxiliary is эн and precedes the infinite.
| imperative | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | сиыны (conjugation I) | German | басьтыны (conjugation I) | German | вараны (conjugation II) | German |
| Singular | ||||||
| 2.P | си! | eat! | басьты! | take! | вара! | speak! |
| Plural | ||||||
| 2.P | сие (лэ)! | eat! | басьтэ (лэ)! | take! | варалэ! | speak! |
| Negative singular | ||||||
| 2.P | эн си! | do not eat! | эн басьты! | don't take it! | эн вара! | do not speak! |
| Negative plural | ||||||
| 2.P | эн сие (лэ)! | do not eat! | эн басьтэ (лэ)! | don't take it! | эн варалэ! | do not speak! |
Modal
Udmurtisch makes use of morphosyntactic structures of inflected nouns and verbs with an auxiliary for modal expressions.
To express the ability, the verb луынын , 'to be', in the 3rd P SG (in all tenses) is inflected with the subject in the genitive. The verb is formed in the past tense II in the 3rd P SG with a personal suffix and the past participle (э) м / (е) м .
| Udmurt | German |
|---|---|
| Тынад лыкт емед луиз | you could come |
| Кышномуртлэн магазинэ мын емез ӧз луы | the woman couldn't go into the store |
Desiderative
The desiderative is a type of action of the verb that expresses the desire to perform the action of the verb. The verb потынын , 'to want' is inflected in the 3rd P SG (in all tenses) with the subject in the genitive. The verb to which the subject leads the wish is formed in the past tense II in the 3rd P SG with a personal suffix and the past participle (э) м / (е) м .
| Udmurt | English |
|---|---|
| Мынам из еме потэ | I want to sleep |
| Кышномуртлэн магазинэ мын емез уг поты | the woman doesn't want to go to the store |
Necessiv
To express necessity, the word кулэ , 'necessary' together with the copula in the 3rd P SG (in all tenses) is inflected with the subject in the dative. The infinitive of the verbs or an object are used.
| Udmurt | German |
|---|---|
| Со лы трос лыдӟиськыны кулэ | he / she needs to read a lot |
| Мыным книга кулэ ӧвӧл | i don't need a book |
Permissive
To express permissiveness, the verb яраны , 'to suit / to be valid' in the 3rd P SG (in all tenses) is inflected with the subject in the dative. The infinitive of the verb to which the subject leads permissiveness is used.
| Udmurt | German |
|---|---|
| Мыным кошкыны яра-а? | Can I go? |
| Тӥледлы пырыны уг яра | You are not allowed to come in. |
Participles
Verbs in Udmurt form a participle in the past, in the present and in the future. Participles can be used in various ways other than ordinary adjectives. In addition to the affirmative participles, Udmurt has participles in charity.
Present
The present participle: - (ӥ) сь / - (и) сь A participle expresses a continuous action. It binds to short stems in conjugation I verbs. The present participle in the caritive is - (ӥ) сьтэм / - (и) сьтэм -
| Affirmative | German | Charity | German |
|---|---|---|---|
| лыдӟ ись ныл | a girl who reads | лыдӟ исьтэм ныл | a girl who doesn't read |
| кырӟ ась пи | a boy who sings | кырӟ асьтэм пи | a boy who doesn't sing |
In addition to the function of an attributive participle, the present participle serves as a nominalizing derivation suffix.
| as a participle | German | as a noun | German |
|---|---|---|---|
| дышетск ись ныл | a girl who studies | дышетск ись | Student |
| вис ись ныл | a girl who gets sick | вис ись | Patient |
| кырӟ ась ныл | a girl who sings | кырӟ ась | Singer |
preterite
The past participle is - (э) м / - (е) м . It is an attributive participle that expresses an accomplished action. It binds to short stems in conjugation I verbs. The present participle in the caritive is (э) мтэ / - (е) мтэ .
| Affirmative | German | Charitable | German |
|---|---|---|---|
| лыкт эм куно | a guest who had arrived | лыкт эмтэ куно | a guest who hadn't arrived |
| погра м писпу | a tree that has been felled | погра мтэ писпу | a tree that has not been felled |
| лыӟ ем книга | a book that was read | лыӟ емтэ книга | a book that hasn't been read |
The past participle can also be formed with the ending - (э) мын / - (е) мын . It is a predicative participle that expresses an accomplished action.
| Udmurt | German |
|---|---|
| Куно лыкт эмын . | The guest has arrived. |
| Писпу погра мын . | The tree has been felled. |
| Книга лыӟ емын . | The book was read. |
Future tense
The past participle is - (о) но . It binds to short stems in conjugation I verbs. In the karitiv, the participle is future tense - (о) нтэм and expresses that something is not possible.
| Affirmative | German | Charity | German |
|---|---|---|---|
| пия но кышномурт | A woman who is about to give birth. | пия нтэм кышномурт | A woman who will not be able to give birth. |
| лыӟ оно книга | A book that is read. | лыӟ онтэм книга | A book that cannot be read. |
There is also a modal participle that is similar in function to the gerund. It expresses the ability to perform an action, or that it is possible to perform an action. The future participle is -mon . It binds to short stems in conjugation I verbs.
| Udmurt | German |
|---|---|
| лэсьты мон уж | A job that can be done. |
| улы мон корка | A house that someone can live in. |
Gerunds
Udmurt has four gerunds , one of which is a charity and is attached to the whole verb stem. A gerund, which also has a charity, is formed in the past II in the 3rd P SG, with the past participle in the instrumental or elative case.
The gerund on -са , negated on -тэк , (identical to the case suffix of the charity: -тэк ), forms adverbs of manner and time (simultaneity and prematurity).
The gerund on -ку forms adverbs of time.
The gerund on -тозь also forms adverbs of time, which express the time frame or the time limit of the action or process.
| Gerunds | |
|---|---|
| Udmurt | German |
| -са | |
| Адями дырты са мынэ | A person is in a hurry. |
| Адями дырты тэк мынэ | A person leaves in no hurry. |
| дышетскись малпаськы са пуке | The student sits there and thinks |
| Атае, корка пыры са , ӝӧк сьӧры пукиз | My father was at the table when he came into the house. |
| -ку | |
| Лымыя ку куазь шуныгес кариське | It gets warmer when it snows |
| -toзь | |
| Туннэ шунды пукськы тозь ты дурын улӥмы | We were on the bank of the river today until sunset |
| Mи вуы тозь , та ужез быдэсты | Finish work when we get there. |
| Тэк пукы тозь , книга коть лыӟы | Instead of sitting idly, why not read a book |
| Вуы тозям та ужез быдэсты ~ Mон вуы тозь , та ужез быдэсты | Finish work when I get there |
The gerund in the past participle is inflected either with the instrumental - (э) мен / - (е) мен (charity -мтэен ) or the elative - (э) мысь / - (е) мысь (charity -мтэысь ), because both have the basic meaning of "because".
| Gerunds | |
|---|---|
| Udmurt | German |
| - (э) мен / - (е) мен | |
| куазь зор емен | because it stops raining |
| - (э) мысь / - (е) мысь | |
| куазь зор емысь | because it stops raining |
| висись ӝушт емысь дугдӥз | The patient stops moaning |
| Charities | |
| куазь зор мтэен ~ куазь зор мтэысь | because it doesn't stop raining |
Personal suffixes indicating ownership can also be attached to - (э) м - / - (е) ме- gerunds :
| Udmurt | German |
|---|---|
| Affirmative | |
| Висемены м (~ висемысьты м ) та ужез ас дыраз лэсьтыны ӧй быгаты | I couldn't finish this work on time because I was sick. |
| Charity | |
| Тазэ ужез дыраз лэсьтымтэены м (~ лэсьтымтэысьты м ), мукетъëсыз туж кулэ ужъëс ӝегало | Other important things were delayed because I didn't do this job on time. |
Word formation
There are a few main derivative suffixes in the Udmurt word formation.
noun
Udmurt has the productive decverbal noun suffix - (о) н / - (ë) н. This suffix is attached to the back of the stem of the subjunctive I and -н is attached to the back of the stem of the subjunctive II. The function of these suffixes is very diverse. These deverbalizing affixes are often used in the following cases:
1. It expresses the action through the verb:
| verb | English | German | noun | English | German |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| сылыны | to stand | stand | сыл он | (a) standing | (a) stand |
| ӝуаны | to burn | burn | ӝуа н | (a) burning | (a) fire |
| куасьмыны | to dry | dry | куасьм он | (a) drying | (a) drying |
2. It expresses the result of the action:
| verb | English | German | noun | English | German |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| вормыны | to win | win | ворм он | a victory | a victory |
| кырӟаны | to sing | to sing | кырӟа н | a song | a song |
3. It expresses an instrument or tool characterized by the act:
| verb | English | German | noun | English | German |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| портыны | to drill | to practice | порт он | a drill | an exercise |
4. It expresses the focus of an action:
| verb | English | German | noun | English | German |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| сиыны | to eat | eat | си ëн | food | eat |
| юыны | to drink | drink | ю он | drink | drink |
Most of these derivations have both abstract and concrete meanings. The derivation can express both the action of the verb and the result or instrument:
| verb | English | German | noun | English | German |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| пукыны | to sit | sit | пуко ны | (a) sitting, a seat, a chair | a seat |
| висьыны | to become ill | become sick | вис ëн | getting ill, a disease, an illness | illness |
| шудыны | to play | play | шуд он | playing, play, a toy, a plaything | game |
Deverbalized nominal discharges can function as qualifications of collocations, such as юон ву 'drinking water'.
Adjectives
Udmurt has the denominational adjective suffixes -о / -ë and carritive -тэм . The adjectives formed by the suffix -о / -ë indicate the state of a quality, feature or phenomenon of the base word or possession of the referent. The adjectives formed by the suffix -тэм express the lack of quality, characteristic, phenomenon or referent. This suffix can be compared to the un- or suffix -less prefix in English.
| Adjectival derivational suffixes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominal | English | German | example | English | German |
| -о / -ë | |||||
| визь | sense | sense | визьм о адями | a wise person | a wise person |
| кужым | strength | Strength | кужым о ки | a strong hand | a strong hand |
| шуд | luck | luck | шуд о нылпи | a lucky child | a happy child |
| куар | leaf | leaf | куар о писпу | a leafy tree (a tree with leaves) | a leaved tree |
| туш | beard | beard | туш о пиосмурт | a bearded man (a man with a beard) | a bearded man |
| -тэм | |||||
| шуд | luck | luck | шуд тэм нылпчагыр | to unlucky child | an unhappy child |
| туш | beard | beard | туш тэм пиосмурт | a beardless man (a man with no beard) | a beardless man |
| нылпи | child | child | нылпи тэм семъя | a childless family (a family with no children) | a childless family |
Adjectives formed by the -ӧ suffix can also have a qualifier:
| Nominal | English | German | example | English | German |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| чагыр син | blue eye | black eye | чагыр син о ныл | a blue-eyed girl | a blue-eyed girl |
| кузь ки | long arm | long arm | кузь ки ë адями | a long-armed person (a person with long arms) | a long-armed person |
Udmurt also has moderate adjective suffixes ( -алэс , -мыт and -пыр (ъем) ) that express a somewhat large, but not complete, amount of quality of an adjective base, usually a color or a flavor. They can be compared to the English suffix -ish . The suffix -мыт is not automatically associated with taste, but it is in the southern Udmurt dialect.
| Moderative adjectival-derivational suffixes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominal | English | German | example | English | German |
| вож | green | green | вож алэс ~ вож мыт ~ вож пыръем дэрем | a greenish shirt | a greenish t-shirt |
| лыз | blue | blue | лыз алэс ~ лыз мыт ~ лыз пыръем кышет | a blueish scarf | a bluish scarf |
| сьӧд | black | black | сьӧд алэс ~ сьӧд мыт ~ сьӧд пыръем йырси | blackish hair | a blackish chair |
| курыт | bitter | bitter | курыт алэс ~ курыт пыръем кияр | a rather bitter cucumber | a bitter cucumber |
Verbs
In Udmurt grammar, the lexical aspect of verbs is called the verbal aspect. Udmurt verbs can be divided into two categories: momentary verbs and frequentative verbs. The transitivity of a verb mainly relies on whether the verb is frequent or not.
In Udmurt word formation, verbs can be derived from common or causal deverbalizing suffixes.
Momentary
The momentary aspect of the Udmurt verbs express the action (state of being or process) that happens only once. There is no transparent basic momentary marker (see Finnish momentary verbs). For example, лыӟыны . However, a causative -т- can denote instantaneousness and these verbs can be derived into common verbs.
Frequentive
The frequentive aspect expresses that the action (state of being or process) does not just happen once. The action is continuous or frequent. There are several common markers that are usually an л. However, the frequentive aspect does not mean continuous repeatability.
The frequent deverbalizing affifications in Udmurt are -иськы - / - ӥськы- , which precede the infinitive marker ны .
| Frequentive derivation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base | English | German | Derivation | English | German | |
| -л- | ||||||
| лыдӟыны | to read | read | → | лыдӟы лы ны | to read (often) | read often |
| лыктыны | to come | appear | → | лыкты лы ны | to come (often) | appear often |
| юыны | to drink | drink | → | юы л ыны | to drink (often) | drink often |
| -лля- | ||||||
| ужаны | to work | work | → | ужа лля ны | to work (often) | often work |
| кораны | to chop | to cut | → | кора лля ны | to chop (often) | often cut |
| -а - / - я- | ||||||
| пырыны | to step inside | enter | → | пыр а ны | to step inside (often) | often occur |
| потыны | to step outside | step out | → | пот а ны | to step outside (often) | often leak |
| гожтыны | to write | write | → | гожт ъя ыны | to write (often) | write often |
Some verbal derivatives that follow the pattern потыны → пот а ны have parallel frequentive derivatives and can be attached to an already frequentive derivative:
тубыны 'to rise', 'to rise' → тубы лы ны 'to rise (often)', '(often) to rise'
тубыны 'to rise', 'to rise' → туб а ны → туба лля ны 'to rise (often)', '(often) to rise'
Another frequentive affix of a verb is -иськы - / - ӥськы- , which is historically related to the Finnish frequentive derivative suffix -skele- . Frequentive verbs with -иськы - / - ӥськы- can be different from the derivatives mentioned above. -иськы - / - ӥськы- are not semantically frequented.
| Udmurt table | English | German |
|---|---|---|
| мон лыдӟ иськы ны яратӥсько | I like to read (generally) | I like to read |
| мон книга лыдӟӥсько | I am reading a book | I am reading a book |
swell
- Kel'makov, Valentin; Sara Hännikäinen (2008). Udmurtin kielioppia ja harjoituksia (in Finnish) (2nd ed.). Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. ISBN 978-952-5150-34-6 .
- Winkler, Eberhard (2011). Udmurt grammar (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Winkler, Eberhard (2001). Udmurt . Languages of the World. Materials 212. Munich: Lincom Europe.
- Tánczos, Orsolya (2010). "Szórendi variációk és lehetsegés okaik az udmurtban [Word order variation and its possible causes in Udmurt]". Nyelvtudományi Közlémenyek (in Hungarian). 107: 218-229.