primary care
The basic supply is the provision of important infrastructure , services (universal service) , price supports and transfer payments for the entire population.
With regard to the basic service provided by the public sector, from an administrative point of view, services of general interest (Germany) or public service (Switzerland) are also spoken of.
General
A basic service presupposes that it is offered at a reasonable price - i.e. also in disadvantaged areas (e.g. with regard to population density or topography), where this would not be worthwhile for the providers or for the state according to purely economic criteria. To this end, either the state itself invests in the relevant infrastructure (e.g. water supply , electricity supply , road construction / traffic routes , postal services and telecommunications , public health ) or subsidizes basic foodstuffs , agricultural products (see agricultural policy ), energy (see electricity price ) or fuels, or guarantees or finances welfare and social security or he cooperates with private, mostly important providers for legally defined basic service contracts.
The infrastructure covered by the basic service is regularly adapted to changing economic and social requirements.
Examples
The basic supply includes u. a. the provision of public facilities or infrastructure for the general public:
- Traffic and transportation ( local public transport )
- Gas , water and electricity supply
- Waste disposal
- Sewage disposal
- Educational and cultural institutions
- Doctors and hospitals
- graveyards
- public baths
- Mail delivery , etc.
However, the basic service can also be provided by private companies; For example, the food industry with its associated trade is of crucial importance for supplying the population with food. Private doctors and private clinics are also included, as they care for a relevant proportion of the population.
medicine
The term primary care is used synonymously with primary care in the medical field for the classification of medical care , see primary care .
energy
In Germany, 36.7 percent of household customers get their electricity from the basic supply and have therefore never switched electricity provider .
broadcast
The German public service broadcasting has, as part of its program mandate according to § 11 para. 2 and 3 Rundfunkstaatsvertrag (RStV), the duty "in the interest of freedom of information and democracy, to secure a diverse, comprehensive and balanced media offer." This program mandate, too Called educational mandate, represents the guarantee of an independent basic supply of information, education, culture and entertainment for the public broadcasters. According to § 11 Abs. 1 RStV, the public broadcasting through the "production and distribution of radio and television programs as a medium and Factor in the process of free individual and public opinion- forming . ”The Federal Constitutional Court has also taken a position on the so-called basic service. For the court, universal service does not mean a minimum provision, nor is it limited to the informative and educational part of the program; Rather, it is a supply of programs that correspond to the classic broadcast contract. The basic service comprises three elements, namely the supply of the entire population with radio programs, the organization of a full program and the guarantee of diversity of opinion within the program. The basic service is a "uniform, if possible all interested citizens reach a continuous radio program under social conditions". A predominant advertising financing of the public broadcasting endangered the basic supply and is therefore unconstitutional. At least in public broadcasting, programs can not therefore be designed completely autonomously by the broadcasters, but must be compiled in compliance with these legal and constitutional requirements. This means that there is limited freedom of programming for public broadcasters. Private broadcasters, however, are not subject to these strict requirements and only have to offer a minimum of content balance, objectivity and mutual respect. The program must ensure diversity of opinion and plurality in private broadcasters (§ 25 RStV), a program advisory board has to advise the organs of a broadcaster (§ 32 RStV).
An expert opinion “Public Service Media - Task and Financing” by the Scientific Advisory Board at the Federal Ministry of Finance from October 2014 recommends (1) giving more weight to the principle of subsidiarity, (2) completely dispensing with advertising financing, (3) disbursing financing the general budget or through a modern user fee and (4) greater transparency through the publication of parameters.
See also: Broadcasting law , Directive 89/552 / EEC (television directive) , 4th broadcast judgment and 6th broadcast judgment
Broadband access
In the industrialized countries there is a discussion about whether broadband internet access should be included in the catalog of basic services in order to counteract the digital divide in society. While in the EU here on until the debate has started and still no concrete steps are planned in 2008 was in the Switzerland of broadband Internet access as a public service ( public service included in the statutory benefit catalog of basic services). The guaranteed basic supply has been at least 2000 kilobits per second (kbit / s) for downloading and 200 kbit / s for uploading since 2015 .
The German federal government has already announced in 2009 with its broadband strategy a quasi-basic service without this be enshrined in law. According to this, a “powerful broadband connection” (at least 128 kBit / s in both directions) should be made available to all households by the end of 2010. And by 2014 "connections with transmission rates of at least 50 megabits per second should be available for 75 percent of households, with the aim of having such high-performance broadband connections available nationwide as soon as possible."
In October 2010, bandwidths of up to 825 megabits per second were measured for copper-based DSL networks under laboratory conditions - which are usually the weakest link in the fixed network. Depending on the expansion status of the networks, today (as of December 2011) in practice - under favorable conditions - a maximum of 360 megabits per second can be achieved. The networks are constantly being expanded by their operators, although - for economic reasons - the expansion takes place primarily in metropolitan areas and large cities.
According to information from TÜV Rheinland on the spread of the fast Internet in Germany , over 99 percent of private households were provided with broadband access by the end of 2011. The 99 percent mentioned could be connected to the network with a transmission rate of at least 1 megabit per second and around 48 percent with at least 50 megabits per second.
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ Bolivia continues to subsidize gasoline prices . ( Memento of the original from January 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. N24 , January 1, 2011, accessed March 6, 2012.
- ↑ Monitoring report 2013. (PDF) Federal Network Agency and Federal Cartel Office
- ↑ BVerfG, judgment of October 6, 1992, BVerfGE 87, 181, 198
- ↑ BVerfGE 73, 118, 157 f.
- ↑ BVerfGE 73, 118, 157; 74, 297
- ↑ BVerfGE 83, 238, 311
- ↑ Bernd Eckart u. a .: Practical guide to media, IT and copyright law . 2007, p. 67.
- ↑ BVerfGE 83, 238, 316
- ↑ Report "Public Service Media - Task and Financing"
- ↑ Basic coverage in the telecommunications sector. (No longer available online.) Bakom.admin.ch, archived from the original on February 22, 2015 ; accessed on March 6, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Interim report on the Broadband Atlas 2007 . ( Memento of the original from September 5, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.5 MB) Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology , September 25, 2007, see point 2.1: “Definition of broadband internet access”; Retrieved March 6, 2012
- ↑ Broadband strategy . ( Memento of the original from March 30, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology , status: 2009; Retrieved March 6, 2012
- ↑ Nokia Siemens Networks: Broadcast with DSL 825 Mbit / s over copper cable , Golem.de , October 25, 2010, accessed March 6, 2012
- ↑ DSL: Deutsche Telekom tests 100 Mbit / s via copper cable , Golem.de, December 24, 2011, accessed March 6, 2012
- ↑ Broadband atlas: 1 Mbit / s connections available almost everywhere , Heise online , March 6, 2012, accessed March 6, 2012
